Lord High Admiral
Lord High Admiral is an office in the United Kingdom that is part of the Great Officers of State . The function is now only of a purely ceremonial character, but was once responsible within the British Admiralty for the supreme command of the Royal Navy . From the beginning of the 18th century to the middle of the 20th century, the official business of the Lord High Admiral was led by a committee chaired by the First Lord of the Admiralty (" First Lord of the Admiralty "). In 1964, the Admiralty was incorporated into the UK's newly created Department of Defense , with the title of First Lord of the Admiralty disappearing. The historical title of Lord High Admiral, however, still exists today as the ceremonial office of the Great Officers of State .
history
The history of this office is closely linked to the history of the British Admiralty : the position of Admiral of England (or Lord Admiral , later Lord High Admiral ) was created around 1400 under King Henry IV , although there were already admirals in the northern and western regions There were sea areas. The office of Lord High Admiral is thus the last office among the nine Great Officials of the State, the Great Officers of State .
In 1546 King Henry VIII set up the Council of the Marine , which later became the Navy Board to oversee administrative affairs of the fleet. The operational management and control of the fleet remained the responsibility of the Lord High Admiral .
In 1628 Charles I awarded the office of Lord High Admiral for the first time in commission, d. H. the official business was taken over by a committee, the Board of Admiralty . The committee members were designated as the Lords Commissioner of the Admiralty . Her official title was Commissioners for Exercising the Office of Lord High Admiral of England , later Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and (Northern) Ireland . Until 1709 the official business of the Lord High Admiral was carried out several times, until the second half of the 20th century almost exclusively on commission. In 1831 the Navy Board was abolished and its duties transferred to the Board of Admiralty .
From this commission, the admiralty developed over time , which was composed of admirals of the Royal Navy and civilians. The chairmanship of the entire Board of Admiralty was led by the First Lord of the Admiralty ("First Lord of the Admiralty"), who was usually a member of the cabinet and after 1806 was always a civilian. He had political responsibility for the Royal Navy and was sometimes referred to as the "Minister of the Navy" for this reason. The office of Lord High Admiral lost its importance, but remained as a ceremonial office under the nine Great Officers of State . Well-known First Lords of the Admiralty were u. a. Lord Tweedmouth (1906–1908), Reginald McKenna (1908–1911), Winston Churchill (1911–1915 and 1939–1940), Arthur Balfour (1915–1916), Sir Austen Chamberlain (1931), Alfred Cooper (1937–1938) and Brendan Bracken (1945).
In 1964 were Admiralty , War Office and Air Ministry for Defense of the United Kingdom combined, bringing some old names disappeared from the history of the Royal Navy such. B. the title of First Lord of the Admiralty . The historic title of Lord High Admiral was not given up in the course of these reforms, but transferred to the monarch and passed on to Queen Elizabeth II .
In 2011 Elizabeth II handed over the title of Lord High Admiral on the occasion of his 90th birthday to her husband Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . He had served in the Royal Navy during World War II and had been Admiral of the Fleet since 1953 .
Incumbent 1413–1708
The following persons were Lords High Admiral and First Lords of the Admiralty of England:
- Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter 1413-1426
- John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford 1426-1435
- John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter 1435-1447
- William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk 1447–1450
- Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter 1450–1461
- William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent 1462
- Richard, Duke of Gloucester 1462-1470
- Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick 1470-1471
- Richard, Duke of Gloucester 1471-1483
- John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk 1483-1485
- John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford 1485-1513
- Sir Edward Howard 1513
- Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey 1513-1525
- Henry Fitzroy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset 1525-1536
- William Fitzwilliam, 1st Earl of Southampton 1536-1540
- John Russell, 1st Lord Russell 1540-1542
- Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford 1542-1543
- John Dudley, 1st Viscount Lisle 1543-1547
- Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley 1547–1549
- John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick 1549-1550
- Edward Clinton, 9th Lord Clinton 1550–1554
- William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham 1554–1558
- Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln 1558-1585
- Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1585-1619
- George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham 1619–1628
- Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1628-1635
- Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1635-1636
- William Juxon , Bishop of London (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1636–1638
- Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland (Lord High Admiral) 1638–1642
- Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1642–1643
- Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington 1643-1646
- unoccupied 1646–1660
- James Stuart, Duke of York and Albany (Lord High Admiral) 1660–1673
- King Charles II (Lord High Admiral) 1673
- Ruprecht von der Pfalz, Duke of Cumberland (Lord High Admiral) 1673–1679
- Sir Henry Capell (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1679–1681
- Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1681–1684
- King Charles II (Lord High Admiral) 1684–1685
- King James II (Lord High Admiral) 1685–1688
- King Wilhelm III. (Lord High Admiral) 1689
- Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington (Lord High Admiral) 1689
- Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1689–1690
- Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1690-1692
- Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1692–1693
- Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1693-1694
- Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1694–1699
- John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater (First Lord of the Admiralty) 1699-1701
- Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke (Lord High Admiral) 1701–1702
- Prince George of Denmark (Lord High Admiral) 1702–1708
Incumbent 1708–1801
The following people were Lords High Admiral and First Lords of the Admiralty of Great Britain:
- Queen Anne (Lord High Admiral) 1708
- Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke (Lord High Admiral) 1708–1709
- Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford 1709-1710
- Sir John Leake 1710-1712
- Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford 1712-1714
- Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford 1714-1717
- James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley 1717-1727
- George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington 1727-1733
- Sir Charles Wager 1733-1742
- Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea 1742-1744
- John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford 1744-1748
- John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich 1748–1751
- George Anson, 1st Baron Anson 1751–1756
- Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple 1756–1757
- Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea 1757
- George Anson, 1st Baron Anson 1757–1762
- George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax 1762
- George Grenville 1762-1763
- John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich 1763
- John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont 1763-1766
- Sir Charles Saunders 1766
- Sir Edward Hawke 1766-1771
- John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich 1771–1782
- Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel 1782–1783
- Richard Howe, 4th Viscount Howe 1783
- Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel 1783
- Richard Howe, 4th Viscount Howe 1783–1788
- John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham 1788–1794
- George John Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer 1794–1801
Incumbent 1801–1964
The following persons were Lords High Admiral or First Lords of the Admiralty of the United Kingdom:
- John Jervis, 1st Earl of St. Vincent 1801-1804
- Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville 1804-1805
- Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham 1805-1806
- Charles Gray, Viscount Howick 1806
- Thomas Grenville 1806-1807
- Henry Phipps, 3rd Baron Mulgrave 1807-1810
- Charles Philip Yorke 1810-1812
- Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville 1812-1827
- Wilhelm, Duke of Clarence (Lord High Admiral) 1827-1828
- Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville 1828-1830
- Sir James Graham 1830-1834
- George Eden, 2nd Baron Auckland 1834
- Thomas Robinson, 2nd Earl de Gray 1834-1835
- George Eden, 2nd Baron Auckland 1835
- Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto 1835-1841
- Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of Haddington 1841–1846
- Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough 1846
- George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland 1846–1849
- Sir Francis Thornhill Baring 1849-1852
- Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland 1852
- Sir James Graham 1852-1855
- Sir Charles Wood 1855-1858
- Sir John Pakington 1858-1859
- Edward Adolphus Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset 1859–1866
- Sir John Pakington 1866-1867
- Henry Thomas Lowry-Corry 1867–1868
- Hugh Childers 1868-1871
- George Joachim Goschen 1871–1874
- George Ward Hunt 1874-1877
- William Henry Smith 1877-1880
- Thomas George Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook 1880–1885
- Lord George Hamilton 1885-1886
- George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon 1886
- Lord George Hamilton 1886-1892
- John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer 1892–1895
- George Joachim Goschen 1895–1900
- William Waldegrave Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne 1900–1905
- Frederick Archibald Vaughan Campbell, 3rd Earl Cawdor 1905
- Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd Baron Tweedmouth 1905-1908
- Reginald McKenna 1908-1911
- Winston Churchill 1911-1915
- Arthur Balfour 1915-1916
- Sir Edward Carson 1916-1917
- Sir Eric Geddes 1917-1919
- Walter Hume Long 1919–1921
- Arthur Lee, 1st Baron Lee of Fareham 1921-1922
- Leo Amery 1922-1924
- Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford 1924
- William Clive Bridgeman 1924-1929
- Albert Victor Alexander 1929–1931
- Sir Austen Chamberlain 1931
- Sir Bolton Eyres-Monsell, 1st Viscount Monsell 1931-1936
- Sir Samuel Hoare 1936-1937
- Alfred Duff Cooper 1937-1938
- James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope 1938-1939
- Winston Churchill 1939-1940
- Albert Victor Alexander 1940–1945
- Brendan Bracken 1945
- Albert Victor Alexander 1945–1946
- George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall 1946–1951
- Francis Aungier Pakenham, 1st Baron Pakenham 1951
- James Thomas, 1st Viscount Cilcennin (1955) 1951-1956
- Quintin McGarel Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham 1956-1957
- George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk 1957-1959
- Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington , 1959-1963
- George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe 1963–1964
Incumbent 1964 – today
- Queen Elizabeth II (Lord High Admiral) 1964–2011
- Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh (Lord High Admiral) 2011–