Hubert Lyautey

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Hubert Lyautey (1927)

Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (born November 17, 1854 in Nancy , † July 27, 1934 in Thorey-Lyautey ) was Marshal of France .

Life

Lyautey came from a family of officers and graduated from Saint-Cyr Military School in 1873 . He was then transferred to Algeria as a cavalry officer for two years . From 1880 to 1882 he served as a lieutenant in the 2nd e régiment de hussards . From 1894 to 1897 he was stationed in Indochina , most recently as military advisor to Governor General Armand Rousseau . In Tonkin he also met Joseph Gallieni , under whom he served in Madagascar , where he was stationed from 1897 to 1902. In 1900 he became Colonel , in 1903 Général de brigade and in 1907 Général de division . In October 1909 he married the widowed Inès de Bourgoing .

In 1912 he was appointed to the newly created office of French General President in Morocco. During the First World War he was Minister of War from December 12, 1916 to March 14, 1917 . From this office he resigned after a dispute with the commander-in-chief Joseph Joffre , who had criticized his restructuring in the area of ​​the air force, when he could not prevail against Joffre. His resignation resulted in the overthrow of the Briand government . Lyautey returned to his post in Morocco in 1917. In 1921 he was appointed Marshal of France . His bones were transferred to the Paris Invalides Cathedral in 1961 .

Morocco

Equestrian statue of Lyauteys in front of the French consulate in Casablanca

The most important station in Lyautey's life was the Sultanate of Morocco . On March 24, 1907, he led the occupation of the city of Oujda by French troops. The occasion was the murder of the French doctor Mauchamp in Casablanca . When, in the summer of 1907, after an alleged desecration of the cemetery, several European workers were killed during construction work and serious tribal unrest broke out (in which the European inhabitants were hardly at risk), a French expeditionary force landed in Casablanca.

As military governor, Lyautey suppressed several local uprisings. After the protectorate of French Morocco was established by the Fez Convention , he was the first French general resident from April 28, 1912 to August 25, 1925 . In the spring of 1913, the advance on the Middle Atlas began to break the resistance of the Berber tribes there , especially around Khenifra . Under the name Operation Lyautey , the attack on Khénifra was carried out from June 10 to 12, 1914. The French troops succeeded in expanding the controlled area to the natural border of the Atlas Mountains and occupying the cities of Khenifra, Kasba Tadla and Beni-Mellal on the strategic highway between Fez and Marrakech .

During his term of office, the country experienced a surge in modernization, whereby he was keen to preserve the traditional old cities. The modern cities were built according to the general pattern of the French colonial times outside the respective medinas (Arab old towns). He also passed laws to protect local culture. Lyautey was also called "the father of modern Morocco".

Against his policy, some Moroccans joined the uprising of the Rifkabylen under Abd el-Krim, which broke out in the Spanish part in 1921 . The joint suppression of the uprising by the French and Spanish, in which chemical weapons were also used , only succeeded under Lyautey's successor.

Others

  • The port city of Port-Lyautey , founded in 1912, was renamed Kénitra after the independence of Morocco in 1956 .
  • He was Secretary General of the 1931 Paris Colonial Exhibition.
  • The sculptor François Cogné (1876–1952) created an equestrian statue of General Lyautey on behalf of the French government. This monument was erected in Casablanca in 1938 on the Place de la Victoire (now Place Mohammed V). Dismantled in 1956, it has been decorating the park of the French Consulate General in Casablanca since 1959.
  • In the May 11, 1931 issue, his picture was on the cover of American Time magazine .
  • In 1953 the French Post issued a postage stamp with his picture.
  • According to Paul Distelbarth , Lyautey was together with Paul Desjardins a founder of the Union pour l'action morale (1892), the later Union pour la vérité (from 1906)

Fonts (selection)

  • L'action coloniale. Madagascar, Sud-Oranais, Maroc . Édition Paleo, Clermont-Ferrand 2012, ISBN 978-2-84909-733-5 (reprint of the Paris 1899 edition).
  • Lyautey l'Africain. Textes et Lettres . Plon, Paris 1953/57 (4 vol.)
  1. 1912-1913 . 1953.
  2. 1913-1915 . 1954.
  3. 1915-1918 . 1956.
  4. 1919-1925 . 1957.
  • You rôle de l'armée . BiblioLife, Charleston, SC 2009, ISBN 978-1-113-33447-3 (reprint of the Paris 1900 edition)
in German
  • The social role of the officer, in Paul Distelbarth , Transl .: New becoming in France. Testimonies from leading French. Ernst Klett, Stuttgart 1938 pp. 55–68

literature

  • Robert Kerr: Morocco after Twenty-Five Years. A Description of the Country, Its Laws and Customs, and the European Situation. Murray and Evenden, London 1912 ( Online at Archive.org )
  • Marshall Lyautey ( Obituary ). In: The Times , No. 46818, July 28, 1934, page 14, columns 2-3.
  • Charles Bugnet: Le Maréchal Lyautey. Mame, Tours 1935
  • Berthe Gaulis: Lyautey intimate . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1938.
  • Alan Scham: Lyautey in Morocco. Protectorate administration 1912-1925 . University Press, Berkeley 1970.
  • André Le Reverend: Lyautey écrivain. 1854-1934 . Dissertation, University of Montpellier 1974.
  • Janet Abu-Lughod: Rabat. Urban apartheid in Morocco. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 1981, ISBN 978-0-691-10098-2 .
  • Maurice Durosoy: Lyautey. Maréchal de France. 1854-1934 . Éditions Lavauzelle, Panazol 1984, ISBN 2-7025-0054-4 .
  • William A. Hoisington: Lyautey and the French conquest of Morocco. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 1995, ISBN 978-0-312-12529-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gerd Krumeich in Gerhard Hirschfeld, Gerd Krumeich, Irina Renz (ed.): Encyclopedia First World War , 2nd edition, Paderborn, 2014, p. 692f
  2. ^ Jean-Luc Pierre: La statue de Lyautey à Casablanca.
  3. ^ Paul Distelbarth, New Becoming in France. Testimonies from leading French. Ernst Klett, Stuttgart 1938, pp. 136–140

Web links

Commons : Hubert Lyautey  - collection of images, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
- Resident General for Morocco
April 28, 1912 - August 25, 1925 		Théodore Steeg
Pierre Auguste Roques Minister of War of France
December 12, 1916-14. March 1917 		Lucien Lacaze
personal data
SURNAME Lyautey, Hubert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Lyautey, Louis Hubert Gonzalve
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French Marshal
DATE OF BIRTH November 17, 1854
PLACE OF BIRTH Nancy
DATE OF DEATH July 27, 1934
Place of death Thorey-Lyautey