Abd al-Karim

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Mohammed Abd al-Karim , also Abd el-Krim ( Central Atlas Tamazight ⵎⵓⵃⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ Muḥend n Ɛabd Krim Lxeṭṭabi , Arabic عبد الكريم الخطابي Abd al-Karim al-Chattabi , DMG ʿAbdu l-Karīm al-Ḫaṭṭābī ; *  1882 in Axdir (today Ajdir ), Al Hoceïma province, Spanish Morocco ; †  February 6, 1963 in Cairo ) was the leader in the uprising of the Rifkabylen against Spanish and French colonial troops in the Rif region of Spanish Morocco.

Abd al-Karim

Life

Mohammed Abd al-Karim was the son of Abd el Krim el Khatabi, a prayer leader and Qādī . He had studied mining in Madrid and had good relationships with the Mannesmann brothers , about one eighth of whom had prospects and land titles in Morocco in the form of 2,027 mining concessions. Mohammed Abd al-Karim received a religious education from his father. In Tétouan and Melilla he made the high school diploma, which is recognized in Spain. He then studied the Sharia in the old quarter of Adwat al-Qarawiyyin of Fez , after which he studied at the University of Salamanca . From 1906 he worked as a secretary in the Bureau for Native Affairs in Melilla, as editor of the Arabic-language supplement of the newspaper Rif-Telegram , then as a judge for the Melilla area, between 1910 and 1913 as a teacher.

Anti-colonialism

. Wilhelm II had on 31 March 1905 in connection with the consequences of the kidnapping of ion perdicaris , the independence of the Alawites - Sultan Abd al-Aziz in French Morocco emerged, leading to the first Moroccan crisis led. During the First World War , Walter Zechlin , the consul of the German Empire in Tetuan, fueled anti-colonial efforts in French Morocco and negotiated with Mohammed Abd el Karim. Zechlin was transferred to Madrid in 1917 and Abd el-Karim was imprisoned in Spain from 1916 to 1917. From the beginning of 1919, Abd el-Krim campaigned for the formation of an anti-colonial tribal alliance, the aim of which was that the Spaniards "[...] withdraw to Ceuta and Melilla because the protectorate only brought misery and poverty, cruelty and incompetence". In 1921, six tribes of the Rif Mountains proclaimed Mohammed Abd al-Karim an emir . A varying number of tribes collaborated with the Spanish protectorate troops, from which the Tercio de Extranjeros foreign legionary troops , founded in 1920, were recruited. As President of the Rif Republic in northern Morocco , Abd al-Karim proclaimed independence from Spanish rule in 1923 .

Anti-colonial war

At the Battle of Annual on July 22, 1921, the troops of the Rifkabylen won the most impressive victory, but Abd el-Krim, according to his own later assessment, failed to use the weakness of the Spanish occupation army and also to storm Melilla. During the Rif War (1921) , the military from France, Spain and the German Reich took a united stand against emancipation from the colonial system. On the initiative of Alfonso XIII. (Spain) , mustard gas (Lost) was acquired from Hugo Stoltzenberg , a lost bomb filling plant was built in Melilla and the use of chemical weapons in the Rif War was carried out by Stoltzenberg according to a contamination strategy. Simultaneously with the evacuation of the interior of Spanish Morocco for the use of the contact poison Lost, the French army under Pétain occupied the fertile areas of the Rif in French Morocco with 250,000 soldiers and thus prevented the food supply of the Rif republic. In November 1925, the Escadrille Cheériffian flight squadron , led by Charles Sweeney, a US pilot from the Lafayette Escadrille , bombed Chefchaouen . When the bombing became known, the French government under Aristide Briand and Édouard Herriot withdrew the Escadrille Cheériffian . The position of the government of Great Britain under Stanley Baldwin was represented by Walter Burton Harris , an offered engagement of the German Reich on the part of the Rif Republic could have been used to scout out the arms trade of the German Reich , the failure of the anti-colonial efforts also secured the British Empire .

exile

On the way to exile ( Fez , 1926)

Abd al-Karim surrendered to the French military on May 27, 1926. He was brought into exile on the island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. In 1947 he was released from exile. Abd al-Karim went to Cairo, where he became chairman of the Liberation Committee of the Arab Maghreb in December 1947. Even after Morocco gained independence in 1956, he did not return to his homeland in protest against the French troops that were still in the country. He was invited by the Moroccan King Mohammed V to come back to his homeland. Abd el-Karim lived through Algeria's independence and died on February 6, 1963 in Cairo. He was also buried there.

additional

  • The Moroccan mountain Jebel Abd el-Krim (34 ° 3'0 "NORTH 5 ° 30'0" EAST) is named after Abd el-Krim. Likewise the rue Abd el-Krim in Sainte-Clotilde (a district of the capital Saint-Denis on Réunion ).
  • Fidel Castro named Abd el-Krim's guerrilla tactics a model for Che Guevara , Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh .
  • According to the Israeli scientist Maddy-Weitzman, the memory of the national hero El-Crimea has been neglected by the Moroccan ruling class because it is feared that he will be taken over by the independence-striving Berbers . The Islamists of Morocco have described El-Crimea as one of their forerunners.

Works

  • J. Roger-Mathieu (Ed.): Mémoires d'Abd-el-Krim . 9th edition, Librairie des Champs-Élysées, Paris 1927.

literature

  • Kurt Degenkolbe: From cobbler boy to adjutant Abd el Krims. Self-experienced . Büttner, Berlin 1928.
  • Shannon E. Fleming: Primo de Rivera and Abd-el-Krim. The struggle in Spanish Morocco, 1923-1927 . University of Wisconsin, Madison 1974 (dissertation).
  • Friedrich Jarschel: Abd el Krim. This is how the lion of Atlas fought . Zeitbiographischer Verlag, Limburg / Lahn 1961 (ZbV-Zeitbiographien; 1).
  • Rudibert Kunz: Poison gas against Abd el Krim. Germany, Spain and the gas war in Spanish Morocco 1922–1927 . Rombach, Freiburg / B. 1990, ISBN 3-7930-0196-2 (individual publications on military history; 34).
  • Stephan Ronart, Nandy Ronart: Lexicon of the Arab World. A historical-political reference work . Artemis, Munich 1972, ISBN 3-7608-0138-2 .

Web links

Commons : Abd el-Krim  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rudibert Kunz, Rolf-Dieter Müller: Poison gas against Abd el Krim: Germany, Spain and the gas war in Spanish-Morocco 1922–1927 . Rombach, 1990
  2. ^ Weider History Group, Rif War
  3. ↑ Moroccan War . In: Time July 20, 1925
  4. ^ "Abd el-Krim". Encyclopedia Britannica. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th edition). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8 .
  5. ↑ a b Bruce Maddy-Weitzman: Abdelkrim: Whose Hero is He? In: Brown Journal of World Affairs . Vol. XVIII, No. 11 , 2012, p. 141–149 ( PDF [accessed January 12, 2016]). PDF ( Memento from January 12, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  6. ↑ Castro, Fidel; Ignacio Ramonet, Andrew Hurley (2008). Fidel Castro: My Life: a Spoken Autobiography. Scribner, p. 680. ISBN 978-1-4165-5328-1 .
personal data
SURNAME Abd al-Karim
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abd el-Krim, Mohammed; Ben Abdelkrim el Khattabi, Mohammed
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Leader of the Rif Berbers
DATE OF BIRTH 1882
PLACE OF BIRTH Ajdir
DATE OF DEATH February 6, 1963
Place of death Cairo