MBDA Meteor

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meteor

ILA 2010 Saturday 125.JPG

General Information
Type Air-to-air missile
Manufacturer MBDA
development 1997-2014
Commissioning 2016
Unit price DE: EUR 900,000
UK: GBP 1,000,000
Technical specifications
length 3650 mm
diameter 178 mm
Combat weight 185 kg

Second stage drive		 Solid rocket
engine ramjet
speed Do 4+ (official)
Range about 200 km (official)
Furnishing
Target location active radar target search K u band LPI radar
Warhead highly explosive
Detonator Impact or proximity fuse
Weapon platforms • Eurofighter Typhoon
• Dassault Rafale
• Saab 39 Gripen
Lists on the subject

The MBDA Meteor is an air-to-air missile (for large distances English beyond visual range , BVR), which is produced by a European consortium of MBDA, EADS and Saab Bofors Dynamics. The weapon is a big step towards independence from American politics and industry, because until the introduction of the Meteor, European fighter aircraft with extensive air-to-air armament were completely dependent on the USA and its AIM-120 AMRAAM . The development of the Meteor goes back to the introduction of the Wympel R-77 PD (with ramjet ).

history

Beginnings

Since the hit rate of existing BVR weapons is quite low, the Royal Air Force announced the procurement of a new air-to-air guided weapon under Staff Requirement (Air) 1239. The greatest challenge for fulfilling the SR (A) 1239 was the required energy in the endgame , i.e. H. after switching on the viewfinder. Computer simulations and combat exercises during red flag maneuvers with AIM-120 missiles identified the need for greater flight performance in target tracking. In a dogfight, both sides approach within firing range, fire missiles at each other, turn hard immediately and flee to escape the enemy rocket volley. In a combat situation between AIM-120B and R-77 , the opposing fighter aircraft would consequently be able to escape. In this case, the maximum weapon load and the endurance of the aircraft play an important role; Disciplines in which the Sukhoi-27 family (Natocode: Flanker) is traditionally well positioned. If the Eurofighter were equipped with a guided missile, which has a much greater range in pursuit, this situation could be avoided.

Although the tender only referred to Great Britain and its needs, it was already clear at the time that the winner would de facto supply the weapons for all four Eurofighter partner countries. With the S225X, BAE Systems, Saab Missiles and GEC-Marconi offered a ramjet-powered version of the Skyflash that they had been working on since the early 1980s. Daimler-Benz Aerospace (DASA) offered the A3M, the French Matra offered a derivative of the MICA , and Hughes an improved AIM-120. Since the merger of the guided missile divisions of British Aerospace and Matra (now MBDA ) was just around the corner, it was foreseeable that they would work together. Kentron also toyed with the idea of ​​offering a missile. All design proposals included ramjet engines, at least as an option. All offers had active radar seekers, with the exception of the Skyflash variant S225X, which was semi-active. In the long term, however, the MICA's 4A viewfinder, which works in the K u band (12–20 GHz), was considered. Hughes offered the finder of the AIM-120, a monopulse radar in the I-band (8-10 GHz). DASA offered the most advanced viewfinder which active in K a should work band (30-40 GHz). This should "burn through" by hostile electronic countermeasures , and the use of a directed warhead should be possible. In the long term, the viewfinder should also be able to receive passively in the X-band (8–12 GHz). Dual searchers were not explicitly required, but the Defense Research Agency praised the advantages. The other providers therefore tried to combine imaging infrared seekers with radar seekers in their designs.

Political differences

To withstand American pressure, all European companies formed a consortium in 1996, using the MICA's 4A finder. Matra and LFK (formerly DASA, now MBDA) already worked together, as did BAe Dynamics, Saab, GEC-Marconi and the Italian Alenia . After both consortia, led by BAE, agreed on a concept, Hughes was isolated. Now the aim was to make the weapon called "Meteor" palatable to all Eurofighter partner countries and to advertise the Dassault Rafale and Saab 39 as a platform. Germany was open to the project, but wanted a larger share. The UK requested financial participation in the project but refused to approach the other countries on performance requirements, angering Germany and Sweden. These countries also had no interest in placing their BVR armaments in the hands of the USA, except in the most extreme emergency. Should the UK opt for an AMRAAM derivative, Germany, Italy and Sweden would develop a European missile based on the A3M. Due to the competitive situation between these countries and their Eurofighter and the USA and their fighter planes, they did not want to be the (interview) " serfs " of the USA in the most important air-to-air armament . The situation escalated when the US State Department blocked the sale of Gripen to South Africa because they were equipped with a General Electric engine. The embargo was lifted in March 1998, but only to be confronted with F-16 and F / A-18 offers. When Sweden wanted to sell the JAS39 to Finland, the USA also blocked because of the AIM-120 on offer, so that the Finns were forced to buy F-18C / D. At the same time, anonymous "US sources" were cited in US journals who reported that the US had "a technological lead of a decade". In the transatlantic dialogue, attempts were made to convince the British to seek a British-American solution. However, the USAF showed no interest in a ramjet-powered weapon, fearing that the combination of the F-15C and Ramjet missile could take away Congress's desire to free up funds for the F-22.

In Europe, too, the situation became more difficult at the beginning of 1998: while the Meteor team had agreed on the MICA's 4A viewfinder, Germany wanted to integrate the advanced K a / X band viewfinder. In the event that Great Britain fell over and worked with Raytheon, Germany threatened to implement the A3M together with Italy and Sweden or alone. The Federal Republic of Germany therefore continued to finance LFK's development of the A3M missile. Conversely, Bodenseewerk Geräteechnik was looking for a collaboration with Raytheon to mount the viewfinder on an AMRAAM with a ramjet engine. In mid-1998 the situation was so good that Germany released funds for EURAAM (formerly A3M). Bayern-Chemie was to demonstrate the propulsion of the missile in a 24-month program. The Federal Republic was annoyed that Britain wanted to dictate the program with European money without compromising. Since the K u band finder of the MICA did not meet the German requirements and no agreement was reached on this question, the development of the K a / X band finder continued.

In 1999 Great Britain faced the choice of buying the missile from Raytheon or the Meteor consortium: Raytheon offered an ERAAM with a double-pulse rocket motor and shorter, lower-drag wings. Upgrading to the FMRAAM standard with ramjet was possible. ERAAM should achieve 80% of FMRAAM's reach at 50% of the price. To sweeten the offer, Aérospatiale was supposed to deliver the ramjet, based on the nuclear ASMP guided missile . Royal Ordnance would supply the rocket motor with final assembly at Shorts Missile Systems . Raytheon also investigated an active phased radar for the viewfinder, but abandoned the venture because of cooling problems. The Meteor team wanted to use the adjustable ramjet from Bayern-Chemie, and the Aster's 4A finder . German missiles (EURAAM) should be equipped with the K a / X band finder. Should the UK opt for the Meteor, France would also get on board. In October 1999 Boeing signed a contract to take over the marketing of the Meteor in the USA. The UK finally selected Meteor in 2000, but certain milestones must be reached in the development of critical technologies or the program will be canceled. The possibility that the AMRAAM could be downgraded by an R-77 with ramjet propulsion, perhaps financed with Chinese money, was the decisive factor.

development

In 2001 talks began between France, Italy, Great Britain and Germany to develop an anti-radar version of the Meteor. To do this, the ARMIGER's viewfinder was to be combined with the hull of the Meteor. Boeing, as a US partner in Meteor development, examined the missile for the US Navy. In 2001 Italy signed the development contract and was allocated a 12% share. On December 23, 2002, Great Britain signed the contract with MBDA on behalf of all six countries. The production shares were distributed among the countries as follows: Great Britain 39.6%, Germany 16%, France 12.4%, Italy 12%, Sweden 10%, Spain 10%. In mid-2003, MBDA subcontracted Thales Airborne Systems (searcher) and Bayern-Chemie / Protac (propulsion).

At the beginning of 2004, the wind tunnel tests of the Meteor were finished and adaptation tests with a mock-up at the JAS39 took place. For the third quarter of 2005, the first shooting attempts were scheduled at the Vidsel rocket test site . At the end of October Italy and the USA held talks about the integration of the AARGM seeker into the Meteor, which would be technically feasible. That year, the Rafale also flew carrying tests with the Meteor and other weapons from the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R 91) . The second test shot was carried out in mid-2006 and the viewfinder tested for the first time. The engine did not fire the first time due to a software bug. Most of the ground tests with Gripen and Rafale had already been completed and the tests with the Eurofighter began. The flight tests over the Hebrides continued in mid-2008 , with ten test shots being carried out. The integration of the Meteor into the Eurofighter Typhoon was originally supposed to take place in 2006, but the four partner countries could not agree on the financing. In 2006 there was therefore a twelve-month delay in the Meteor program, which set the Initial Operating Capability to August 2013. On December 4, 2012, the Meteor was fired from a Eurofighter for the first time. In July 2014, the Meteor validation on the JAS 39 Gripen was completed. Mitsubishi participation from Japan was negotiated that same month. An improved version of the Meteor is to be equipped with an E-Scan radar , like the Mitsubishi AAM-4 B. It is possible that GaN will be used to outperform the GaAs modules. Production began on July 10, 2014.

overview

An F-22 Raptor fires an AIM-120 AMRAAM. Under-expansion creates the diamond pattern ( Mach's knot )

The Meteor is an unusual missile due to its ramjet . Similar to the AIM-132 ASRAAM , a significant increase in the firing distance ( term: F-Pole ) was the main development goal. Enemy planes and bombers are supposed to be destroyed on approach ( pre-merge ) before they can fire their guided missiles. The basic idea behind this is that whoever shoots first has the greatest chance of winning in aerial combat.

In the case of weapons with rocket propulsion such as the AIM-120 AMRAAM , the motor only burns in the starting phase in order to accelerate the weapon, after which the weapon glides on a semi-ballistic trajectory towards the target ( English boost-glide profile ). The maximum speed is reached shortly after the engine stops burning. If the target has been locked and evasive maneuvers are flying ( term : endgame ), such a weapon loses speed significantly, which reduces the chances of hit. In contrast to this, guided missiles powered by ramjet approach the target on a flat trajectory, while maintaining maximum speed during the cruise flight. With the engine running, the weapon can accelerate and / or climb again after a maneuver and thus compensate for its loss of energy, which increases the hit rate.

Another special feature is the networking of the missile with other units. So it is possible that aircraft A fires the meteor at target B, but the weapon of aircraft C is reassigned target D during the flight. After firing, the take-off aircraft no longer has to have sensor contact with the target, the rocket can be continuously supplied with new target data by other units. Steering by AWACS is also possible. Since the E-10 MC2A is not available for cost reasons, this capability is only available to a limited extent. The high-performance radar seeker should be able to locate and lock onto the target as far away as possible.

The widely used AIM-120A, B and C achieved a hit rate of only 59% by the end of 1999. If only shots are viewed beyond the pilot's visual range (BVR ), the hit rate drops to 46%. None of the targets used modern electronic countermeasures or signature reduction, the specific power excess of the aircraft hit ( MiG-29 , Soko J-21 and MiG-25 ) was also quite low. The Rand Corporation reckons with hit rates of only 10 to 50% against modern Su-35BM machines .

The increasing spread of aircraft with stealth features, and the development of tow jammers, directional AESA jammers and cross-eye jamming also requires a departure from the tried and tested I / X / K u band radar seekers. While aircraft can also be located and shot at from a distance using infrared aiming systems and emitter alignment, the hit rate in the endgame is low. Thus, alternative or dual viewfinder with infrared, passive radar, active millimeter wave radar, optical sensors and lasers are an option. While the EURAAM already combined active millimeter wave radar with a passive X-band receiver, the integration of infrared seekers still fails due to the thermal stress of the long and fast flight.

technology

General

Choosing asymmetrical air inlets forces you to use unusual control methods.

Due to the requirement for the greatest possible launch distance, the missile was designed with as little resistance as possible. Only the inevitable control surfaces at the end of the rocket and the air inlets disrupt the aerodynamics. The choice of an asymmetrical air inlet forces the rocket to have a special control: while conventional guided missiles control the lead point by moving the control surfaces ( skid-to-turn ), the Meteor must first roll like a fighter plane before it flies a curve ( eng . bank-to-turn ). This prevents the air flow into the inlets from being shielded by the fuselage, which would increase the total pressure loss and reduce the thrust. The plan for the A3M was to switch to skid-to-turn two seconds before the impact . It is not known if this was implemented on the Meteor. The control problem could be avoided by double symmetrical air inlets as with the Ch-31 , but this would increase the air resistance of the weapon.

The guided missile basically consists of three parts: viewfinder and electronics, warhead and drive. The radar seeker is developed by MBDA and Thales and is a further development of the 4A (Active Anti-Air Seeker) product family, which is also used in the MICA and ASTER guided weapons. The viewfinder roll rates have been increased, and a new transmitter and processor have been installed. Like these, it works in the K u band (12-18 GHz) in order to achieve the greatest possible antenna gain despite the limited size . The 4A finders are monopulse Doppler radars with a planar antenna. The combination of a smaller wavelength and a modern transmitter significantly increases the viewfinder range compared to comparable models such as AIM-120 and R-77, so that targets with a radar cross-section of <1 m² can also be tracked. The pursuit range against large air targets should be 80 km. In addition, the viewfinder works in a " silent mode " to make detection and disruption more difficult. 35% of the viewfinder components are manufactured by Thales, the rest by the MBDA Seeker Division.

The navigation during the flight phase is carried out with an inertial navigation system based on that of the ASRAAM. The system is manufactured by Northrop Grumman LITEF and consists, among other things, of acceleration sensors and laser gyros to calculate the position of the rocket in space for all three axes. Shortly before take-off, the current position and course of the target are transmitted to the meteor by the carrier aircraft. During the flight this data is updated via a two-way data link; the missile sends back its status (current range, targets found with the radar seeker, activated target, etc.). This is important because, unlike other ranged weapons, the missile can also be supplied with data by third parties. As with ASRAAM , the software is written in Ada 95 ; that of the 4A viewfinder had to be rewritten by C. Behind the inertial navigation system is the Saab Bofors Dynamics radar proximity fuse with four symmetrical antennas, which also contains the percussion fuse. The fragmentation warhead is being developed by TDW Gesellschaft für v Defensestechnische Wirksysteme mbH .

For the first time in an air-to-air missile, a ramjet engine is used as a drive instead of a solid rocket engine . The advantage of such propulsion systems over rocket engines is their higher fuel efficiency, since the oxygen contained in the ambient air serves as the oxidizer and does not have to be carried along with the fuel. The disadvantage of such drives is that they have to be started at speeds of at least Mach 1 in order to function. A solid propulsion engine is therefore necessary in order to be able to use the rocket even at lower launch speeds. The jet-less solid propulsion of the Meteor is integrated in the ramjet, and the engine chamber is released when the propulsion unit burns out. The rocket accelerates from high subsonic speed to Mach 2 in about two seconds. Then the air inlet openings are released and the march phase with the ramjet begins. As a world first, boranes , which have a higher gravimetric and volumetric energy density than hydrocarbons, are used as fuels for the first time . The fuel is in solid form and is burned in a gas generator with little oxidizer , the boron-containing gas is then fed into the combustion chamber via a gas generator throat control valve . This allows the missile to adapt its speed to the situation during flight in order to increase the chances of hit. The Electronics and Propulsion Control Unit (ECPU) calculates the correct marching speed depending on the location and altitude of the target, and adjusts the air intake and gas control accordingly. If the ECPU determines that the rocket will not run out of fuel by the time it hits, despite acceleration, it accelerates to maximum interception speed. If the target is at maximum range, there will be almost no acceleration after firing. The inlet ramps of the air inlets guarantee low-loss oblique shock compression of the air, which is decelerated in the rocket to subsonic speed, guided into the combustion chamber and burned there. Since boron tends to spontaneously self-ignite ( see: High-Energy-Fuels ), stable ignition and combustion are guaranteed and there is no risk of flame failure . The hot gas is then accelerated in a convergent-divergent nozzle and expelled. Four control surfaces for steering the missile are attached to the rear of the weapon.

The Meteor is delivered assembled in a hermetically sealed container and remains there maintenance-free for a lifetime. When in use, it can simply be removed from the container and mounted on the aircraft without any further preparation ( all-up round ). If the built-in test system detects a fault in the rocket, the rocket is sent to the manufacturer in the container and then returned.

Application considerations

Boeing 737 Wedgetail of the RAAF , similar to the E-10 MC2A

The performance parameters of the missile were not published, the speed and range are only given imprecisely with " over Mach 4 " and " over 100 km ". Relevant data such as launch success zone , F-Pole and no-escape zone are estimated to be three times as high as existing weapons when the contract was signed. According to MBDA, the guided missile achieves three to six times higher flight performance than existing BVR weapons. It is interesting that the British tender for a Future Medium Range Air to Air Missile (FMRAAM) called for a weapon with a range of 80+ nm (150+ km), a number that is also mentioned more often for the Meteor. The Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research stated in a paper from 1996 that the A3M, which is identical to the Meteor except for the viewfinder, has a range of over 250 km at high altitudes, with potential for improvement.

Since the Meteor guided missiles can also be steered into targets by AWACS , fire control is not limited to a fighter aircraft with sensor contact. The originally planned E-10 MC2A with its active phase-controlled L-band antenna should not only disrupt the opponent's computer and steering systems with high-performance microwaves (HPM) in up to 185 km, but also be able to locate stealth aircraft at relevant distances . Due to its slow antenna rotation, an E-3 Sentry can only provide a target update every ten seconds, but with the RISP upgrade, targets with a radar cross-section of 0.5 m² can be located in at least 556 km.

This method has several advantages: On the one hand, the combat aircraft in the radar range of this AWACS can turn around immediately after firing in order to avoid the enemy rocket salvo. On the other hand, the interference immunity of the missile can be improved, since it is not only dependent on its on-board viewfinder, but also receives the position data of the target from the AEW & C. If an AWACS is equipped with an AESA antenna, like the originally planned E-10 MC2A or the Boeing 737 Wedgetail, guided missiles can also be used against agile targets.

In duel situations, the range of the gun seeker is crucial, as the launch platform can turn around as soon as the Meteor has captured the target with its K u -band radar. The choice of the K u band finder and its long range of 80 km should take advantage of the large radar cross-section of older models (Su-30, F-15, etc.). The hit rate is likely to depend largely on the quality of the LPI operating mode, since existing towing jammers and EloGM systems are already working in the K u band. Choosing the advanced active / passive K a / X band seeker would have improved immunity to interference, increased hit rate against stealth aircraft and enabled use as an anti-radar air-to-air missile. Presumably it was not possible to explain to the partner countries why not only the drive (Bayern-Chemie / Protac) and the warhead (TDW), but also the seeker ( BGT ) should come from Germany for a “European” rocket .

variants

  • Meteor: Standard version with active K u band finder with LPI properties. Should have a range of 80 km against targets with a large radar reflective surface (RCS). Assuming 25 m² (e.g. Su-30), the result is 36 km for 1 m², and 20 km for 0.1 m². This is also consistent with the statement that targets can be safely pursued with an RCS of less than 1 m².
  • EURAAM: Formerly known as A3M. Should be the German version of the Meteor, and be identical to this except for the advanced active / passive K a / X-Band-Seeker from Bodenseewerk Geräteechnik (BGT). The active frequency range of the millimeter wave radar is usually given as 30–40 GHz, the TNO specifies 8–13 GHz for the passive frequency range. This has not been heard from since 2000, and the alternative seeker probably fell victim to financial constraints.
  • Meteor ARM: Anti-radar version of the Meteor. In 2001 it was planned to install the ARMIGER's progressive passive radar / infrared viewfinder on the Meteor in order to be able to carry anti-radar missiles half-sunk in the fuselage of the Eurofighter. The EuroDASS Praetorian allows the precise, cooperative position determination of emitters, so that the Meteor ARM can be fired at the radar position thanks to an internal GPS receiver, even if it is switched off. On the final approach, the imaging infrared seeker would identify the target. In 2005, investigations were carried out into mounting the AARGM's advanced passive / active radar / W-band finder on the Meteor, which was successful. After switching off the radar, the AARGM can be fired at the GPS position of the same and searches for the target on the final approach with active millimeter wave radar (95 GHz). In theory, use against airborne targets is also conceivable if the software were adapted. Procurement is currently not planned.

User states

The prices of the weapons include the development costs for the countries involved in the development. Since the production shares are unevenly distributed among the countries, the price of the meteor also differs from nation to nation. Germany has a 16% stake and pays around EUR 900,000 per weapon, while Great Britain will pay around £ 1 million per missile with almost 40% . Italy, with a 12% development share, will pay € 126 million for development and € 390 million for 400 missiles. The weapons ordered are (11/2019):

Boeing is responsible for marketing on the US market and integrating it into its own products such as the F / A-18E / F Super Hornet . The weapon is also advertised in India.

Web links

Commons : MBDA Meteor  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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