Honoki magnolia
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Honoki magnolia ( Magnolia obovata ) |
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The Honoki Magnolia ( Magnolia obovata ) is a plant from the genus Magnolia ( Magnolia ) within the family of the Magnoliaceae (Magnoliaceae). It occurs in Japan and the Kuril Islands .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Magnolia obovata grows as a deciduous tree and reaches heights of 15 to 30 meters and a trunk circumference of about 1 meter. The bark of young branches is reddish and bare. The bark is gray. The winter buds are bare.
The change-constant , accumulated mostly at the ends of the branches arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is 2 to 3 inches long. With a length of 20 to 40 centimeters and a width of 13 to 25 centimeters, the simple leaf blade is obovate or wedge-shaped-obovate, sometimes with a blunt or narrowly rounded blade base, and the tip of the blade is broadly rounded to prickly. The slightly bluish colored underside of the leaf is hairy downy. The top of the leaf is bare. The leaf margin is smooth. Stipules are present and fall off soon after the associated leaf has unfolded.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are terminally on the branches. The flowers unfold together with the leaves, unlike many other Magnolia species before them. The flowering time extends from May to June, depending on the altitude.
The fragrant, relatively large, cup-shaped flowers are hermaphroditic. Their diameter is about 15 centimeters. The white flower envelope consists of three narrow outer, outer, often slightly reddish, thin bloom bracts (sometimes referred to as sepals ) and six to nine obovate, somewhat fleshy, thickened petals proper. The spiraling stamens are 16 to 18 millimeters long and yellowish, colored red at their base.
The follicles stand together in woody, cone-shaped, narrow-elongated collective fruits .
ecology
Magnolia obovata is protogynous, with an extremely short female flowering period that can last from a few hours to half a day. The large, nectarless flowers are pollinated by beetles , bumblebees and furrow bees . Female flowers provide neither pollen nor nectar to pollinators , but genetic studies have shown that cross- pollination is quite effective. Seeds and seedlings produced by self-pollination were less vigorous . Individual flowers fade after 3 to 4 days, the flowering time of a plant specimen extends over up to 40 days.
The seeds that ripen in autumn are spread by birds . In many regions the trees only bloom and produce fruit synchronously every two years. During an investigation on Honshū, Magnolia obovata was not directly threatened by fragmentation of the forest into smaller residual forests, but was even able to benefit from it.
Occurrence and endangerment
Magnolia obovata occurs on the Japanese islands of Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu as well as on the Kuril Islands to the north. In Japan it thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 600 to 1680 meters, on the Kuril Islands it grows at altitudes of 100 to 300 meters. It grows widespread, but mostly mixed individually in deciduous deciduous forests.
Indications for occurrences in China are erroneous, they refer to Magnolia biondii Pampanini.
In 2013, Magnolia obovata is classified as “Least Concern” according to the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species .
Systematics
The first publication of Magnolia obovata was made in 1794 by the Swedish naturalist and pioneer of botanical exploration of Japan, Carl Peter Thunberg in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. London , 2, page 336. The specific epithet obovata means obovate and refers to the shape of the leaf blade. Among the synonyms for Magnolia obovata Thunb. include Houpoea obovata (Thunb.) NHXia & CYWu , Liriodendron liliiflorum Steud. , Magnolia honogi P.Parm. , Magnolia hypoleuca Siebold & Zucc. , Yulania japonica var. Obovata (Thunb.) P.Parm. , Magnolia glauca Thunb. nom. illeg. ,, Magnolia hirsuta Thunb. nom. nud.
The type Magnolia obovata is part of the section Rhytidospermum from the genus Magnolia , in addition to mostly East Asian species, the American Magnolia tripetala L. encompassed. Magnolia obovata is closely related to the (Chinese) Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.
use
The Honoki magnolia is important in traditional Japanese medicine. The dried bark is used; it has long served as a substitute for the previously scarce and expensive bark of the Chinese Magnolia officinalis , known as Houpo . The detached bark is stored and traded as a rolled cylinder. Their taste is aromatic and bitter. It is used for diarrhea, gas, heartburn and menstrual cramps.
The wood of the Honoki magnolia is easy to work with and has relatively few irregularities. The use is accordingly diverse. The leaves are used for cooking in some areas of Japan; z. B. in the preparation of Hoba Miso .
Magnolia obovata is used as an ornamental plant. It is hardy outdoors in the temperate areas , but endangered by late frost. It is easy to confuse it with the umbrella magnolia ( Magnolia tripetala ) in gardens and parks . Its leaves and flowers are just as big, it differs z. B. by the more wedge-shaped narrowed leaf base of the leaves, which are also not bluish on the underside and are only initially hairy.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Magnolia obovata. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 25, 2019.
- ↑ a b c Jisaburo Ohwi: Flora of Japan. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. 1965. on pages 467–468. Full text at archive.org . (in English)
- ^ Beata Zagórska-Marek: Magnolia flower - the living crystal. In: Magnolia , Volume 89, 2011, pp. 11-21.
- ↑ Yuji Isagi, Tatsuo Kanazashi, Wajirou Suzuki, Hiroshi Tanaka, Tetsuto Abe: Highly variable pollination patterns in Magnolia obovata revealed by microsatellite paternity analysis. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 165, Issue 6, 2004, pp. 1047-1053.
- ↑ Ryunosuke Tateno, Yu Matsuki, Yuji Isagi, Mitsue Shibata: The Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Population Structure and Reproductive Output in Populations of Magnolia obovata. In: M. Ichikawa, S. Yamashita, T. Nakashizuka (Eds.): Sustainability and biodiversity assessment on forest utilization options. Nakanishi, Kyoto, 2008, pp. 239-243.
- ↑ a b c Magnolia obovata in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018-2. Posted by: S. Khela, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
- ↑ Hiroshi Azuma, Fiya Chalermglin, Hans-Peter Nooteboom: Molecular phylogeny of Magnoliaceae based on plastid DNA sequences with special emphasis on some species from continental Southeast Asia. In: Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) , Volume 39, 2011, pp. 148-165.
- ↑ Satyajit D. Sarker, Yuji Maruyama: Magnolia - the genus Magnolia. Taylor & Francis, London 2002, ISBN 0-415-28494-5 , on pages 3-4.
- ↑ Jost Fitschen (founder): Wood flora. 12th, revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01422-1 , p. 589.
