Makereti Papakura

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Maggie Papakura at the Whakarewarewa geothermal area , around 1900
Bronze tombstone in Oddington, Oxfordshire

Makereti Papakura , Maggie Papakura for short or Guide Maggie , (born October 20, 1873 in Matata , Bay of Plenty , New Zealand ; † April 16, 1930 in Oxford ) was a New Zealand travel guide of the Taupo volcanic zone , anthropologist and prominent member of the Māori - Iwi Te Arawa and Tuhourangi . She named herself after the Papakura geyser .

Life

youth

Makereti's father was the Englishman William Arthur Thom, her mother was Pia Ngarotu Te Rihi (also Piatarihi Ihaia), a high-ranking born from the iwi Te Arawa and the Ngati Wahiao hapū of the iwi Tuhourangi. She is the 15th generation of the Te Arawa chiefs Tama-te-kapua , Ngātoro-i-rangi , Ko Hei and Ika, who rode the Arawa Waka canoe in the Bay of Plenty around 1350 or earlier (date unsecured) landed and colonized North Island from there . She grew up until she was 9 or 10 years old with her maternal relatives (great aunt and uncle) in Parekarangi in a pure Māori culture. Here she learned the genealogies, history and customs of her tribe. Until then she had not learned any English, then her father took over the education and took her to Wairoa , where she got to know the life of the Pākehā , the whites. After attending the Hukarere Native Girls 'School, now the Hukarere Girls' College , in Napier for three years , she went to Whakarewarewa . In Wairoa she had married Francis (Frank) Joseph Dennan, a surveyor , on May 7, 1891 . Their only child was William Francis (Te Aonui) Dennan. Frank Dennan had found work in the interior of the island in the Taupo District and never returned. After several dozen petitions in 1899, because divorce was uncommon in New Zealand at the time, she finally divorced him in 1900.

Guide Maggie

The area around Whakarewarewa is a geothermal field with numerous geysers , from around 1880 tourism developed, which led to the establishment of the health resort and thermal baths of Rotorua . Here Makereti made a name as a guide to the world famous first Sinterterrassen Pink and White Terraces and other natural wonders.

In 1901 she received international attention when she greeted Duke George, later King George V , and Duchess Mary of Cornwall and York on her visit to Rotorua in front of a large crowd . Images of this event went around the world. This boosted their notoriety. In 1905 she was able to publish a travel guide, and the sculptor Nelson Illingworth , commissioned by the New Zealand government, created a bust of her in 1908. Until 1910 she traveled to Australia several times, which was reflected in the press. She and her half-sister Bella had become a popular motif for postcards and other souvenirs, with images by photographers EW Payton, CP Parkerson and George Isles in particular having the character of posed studio shots. She was mostly depicted in the traditional Māori bird's feather cloak , the kakahu , with a mere , a short jade weapon, and with a black and white Huia feather inserted into her hair, all of which signal high dignity. A fictitious jokingly intended marriage announcement led to around 10,000 marriage proposals from all over the world, with the address "Maggie, New Zealand" being sufficient for delivery. She had given the idealized image of exotic South Sea beauty a face, but was also caricatured on occasion.

  • Sinter terraces, guide areas from Guide Maggie

  • Makereti Papakura, around 1908

  • New Zealand postcard, 1911

  • Decoration plates: Maggie and Bella

  • Maori Entertainment, Town Hall, Wellington, July 26, 1910, program

In 1910 she toured with singers and dancers of the Māori to Auckland , Melbourne and Sydney . They had a 45  foot long canoe, called Te Arawa, and built a Māori village from typical wooden houses they had brought with them for the Melbourne Exhibition in 1910 , consisting of the “Tuhoromatakaka” ( wharenui , a larger meeting house that is carved inside and out ), six whare (smaller residential huts) and a pataka (small warehouse). From here part of the troop set out for England for the first Festival of Empire , which took place on the occasion of King George V's coronation in 1911.

England

In Great Britain, the performances of the Māori troupe, consisting of around 40 members, at the Crystal Palace in London in 1911 were very well received with a large number of visitors. Makereti performed Living Pictures from the life of the Māori, her sister Bella was gifted in poi dances, the Māori men showed their war dances. The village had been rebuilt and the Māori canoe took part in the traditional Henley Royal Regatta in July 1911, again with great interest from the British press. The tour was still a financial failure, the return to Whakarewarewa was not welcomed by everyone. She didn't stay in New Zealand long.

Makereti had met Richard Staples-Browne again in England, a wealthy Oxfordshire landowner whom she already knew from New Zealand. They were married on June 12, 1912 in Kensington. The couple lived in Oddington near Oxford . Before and after the First World War , she toured several European countries. The second marriage did not last, they divorced in mid-1924 but chose to stay in England. In Oxford she had set up her own room, the New Zealand room , furnished with a rich collection that she had brought with her from New Zealand when she moved: original carvings, including a pataka , feather coats and other clothing, jade and jewelry, weapons, everything Items that could illustrate traditional Māori life. Here she taught privately interested anthropologists, students and visitors in the culture and history of the Māori. She had established extensive contacts, so she was able to give lectures at the Pitt Rivers Museum and sell or give away parts of the collection she had brought with her, where they are still preserved today. Their situation also called for distress sales in the 1920s.

In 1926 a new phase began in her life: at the age of 53, she enrolled as a student of anthropology at the suggestion of Henry Balfour , Robert Ranulph Marett and Grace Eleanor Hadow , principal of the Oxford Society of Home-Students, now St Anne's College at the University of Oxford for a Bachelor of Science degree. All her life she had collected notes that were to appear in a series of books on the life of the Māori in earlier times, but in 1928 she followed the advice to first incorporate this into her doctoral thesis.

Two weeks before the final version to be submitted for examination she died on 16 April 1930, a rupture of the aorta .

The old-time Maori

Makereti Papakura's work The Old-Time Maori was published posthumously eight years later, in 1938 by Thomas Kenneth Penniman . The book is divided into seven chapters: social organization, marriage, children, food, fire, housing, weapons, the book is illustrated for this. In each of the chapters, the most important elements and terms are explained under headed paragraphs, which reflect the original note character, e.g. Some also with legends of origin. The Old-Time Maori is written from a female point of view, something that did not exist before on this subject, and thus it also holds a special position as the first scientific-ethnographic work by a Māori, the anthropologist Te Rangi Hīroa published only after her. It was also important to her to correct some of the mistakes and assumptions made by the Pākehā ethnologists. It differs from purely academic ethnographies in the lack of a scientific apparatus, a bibliography and an index. She confidently reproduced the knowledge she had learned through her relatives (Marara Marotaua and Maihi Te Kakau Paraoa) and later consolidated in a structured form. Later in the reception, the parts about food and material culture are emphasized. She systematically described the weapons of the Māori for the first time. The work initially received little attention.

To Kotiate Papakura widespread certainly a mistake.

The reviewer (HEJ) of the magazine Geography 1938 is very positive and emphasizes two facts: Most of the food plants were introduced by immigrants from Polynesia, the location of the villages (kainga) on and on hills ( Pā -fortresses) is through the cultivation of kumara (sweet potato), which requires sandy soil. It also shows that "contrary to popular English opinion, the Māori do not belong to the dying or primitive peoples", it could stand next to the "pioneering work of an Elsdon Best ".

On the other hand, the Australian anthropologist Ralph Piddington expresses himself in his harsh criticism in the magazine Man 1940: “There is no concept of what is important to report about this primitive people”, the “personal character produces an incoherent and highly idealized image of the Maori” Lebens ”, it was“ of little interest to the serious student of Maori culture ”, it was“ not recommended ”.

In 1986 the work was published again. An idealized portrayal is not denied, for example, according to Papakura, there should have been no prostitution before the contact with Europeans. It was also possible to refute details where, according to today's assessment, her informants had apparently made a joke and she was spreading this. On the one hand, the meaning of the lateral notches in the kotiate , a violin-like striking weapon , was a mystery, but according to Papakura the meaning was that of pinching the male scrotum for the purpose of sterilization, which was refuted by the Viennese anthropologist Georg Schifko . Another since the missionary William Colenso - and also from Papakura - kolportierter myth relates to the use of dog waste for production of the moko - Tattoo tincture used, which would contradict the taboo and hygiene regulations of the tattoo Māori, it could in elicited wounds infections to be triggered. However, due to a lack of precise knowledge of the materials used, this was widely believed and also refuted by the anthropologist Te Awekotuku .

Aftermath

After her death, a memorial was erected in her honor among the Whakarewarewa. Her grave site in Oddington is still visited by New Zealanders on trips to Oxford. After the republication of her work The Old-Time Maori in the 1980s she received renewed attention and work and life were re-evaluated as an early example of women's emancipation. An exhibition was organized in 2007/08, for which Paul Diamond published the biography Makereti: Taking Māori to the World in 2007.

Publications

  • Guide to the Hot Lakes District and some Maori legends. Brett, Auckland, NZ 1905.
  • The old-time Maori. Gollancz, London 1938. ( e-Text at NZETC ). Reprint: New Women's Press, Auckland, NZ 1986, ISBN 978-0-908652-11-2 .

literature

  • David Andrews: The two worlds of Maggie Papakura. Greenstone Books, Great Britain 2005, ISBN 0-9551543-0-8 .
  • Paul Diamond: Makereti: Taking Māori to the World. Random House New Zealand, Auckland, NZ 2007, ISBN 978-1-86941-900-4 . (Bibliography pp. 204-212).
  • Mervyn McLean: Maori music. Auckland University Press, Auckland 1996, ISBN 1-86940-144-1 , pp. 323-325, limited preview in Google Book Search
  • Charlotte Macdonald (Ed.) Et al: The book of New Zealand women. Ko Kui Ma Te Kaupapa. Williams, Wellington 1991, ISBN 0-908912-04-8 .
  • Don M. Stafford: The new century in Rotorua. Richards, Auckland 1988, ISBN 0-908596-27-8 .
  • June Northcroft-Grant: Makereti Papakura. Biography of a Tuhourangi woman with mana, a tour guide and ethnographer (1873–1930). In: The Rauru House - Maori Masterpiece. (= Messages from the Museum für Völkerkunde Hamburg ; NF 43). Museum für Völkerkunde, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-9812566-9-7 , pp. 138–147.

Web links

Commons : Makereti Papakura  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ According to the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography , earlier year of birth also given as 1872
  2. ^ Genealogy in: The Old-Time Maori. Gollancz, London 1938, p. 39 and Reprint 1986, foreword pp. 15-16.
  3. ^ Paul Diamond: Makereti: Taking Māori to the World. Random House New Zealand, Auckland, NZ 2007, ISBN 978-1-86941-900-4 , p. 86 (with illustration), today in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (MEO16791-1).
  4. ^ Paul Diamond: Makereti: Taking Māori to the World. Random House New Zealand, Auckland, NZ 2007, ISBN 978-1-86941-900-4 , p. 121 (with illustration).
  5. ↑ Review: The Old-Time Maori. Makereti by TK Penniman. In: Geography , Volume 23, 1938, No. 4, p. 283 ( JSTOR 40561744 ). Accessed February 24, 2017.
  6. ↑ Review: Ralph Piddington : The Old-Time Maori. by Makereti, TK Penniman. In: Man , Volume 40, 1940, May, p. 78 ( JSTOR 2791835 ). Accessed February 24, 2017.
  7. ↑ The Old-Time Maori. Reprint 1986, pp. 98-100.
  8. ↑ The Old-Time Maori. Reprint 1986, p. 87.
  9. ↑ Georg Schifko: Notes on the alleged use of traditional Maori clubs for sterilization. In: Ethnographisch-Archaeologische Zeitschrift , Volume 49, 2008, No. 4, pp. 519–522.
  10. ↑ Quoted from Schifko, 2008, pp. 520–521.
  11. ↑ Ngahuia Te Awekotuku: Mau Moko. The World of Maori Tattoo. Pinguin Viking, Rosdale 2007, ISBN 978-0-670-04561-7 , p. 33.
personal data
SURNAME Papakura, Makereti
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Papakura, Maggie; Staples-Browne, Margaret; Guide Maggie; Thom, Margaret Patterson
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Māori anthropologist
DATE OF BIRTH October 20, 1873
PLACE OF BIRTH Matata , New Zealand
DATE OF DEATH April 16, 1930
Place of death Oxford