Manavgat (river)
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Manavgat ancient name: Melas |
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 The Manavgat River between the city of Manavgat and the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea |
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| Data | ||
| location | Antalya ( Turkey ) | |
| River system | Manavgat | |
| source | western Taurus Mountains | |
| muzzle | at Titreyengöl (southeast of Manavgat ) in the Mediterranean Sea Coordinates: 36 ° 44 ′ 12 " N , 31 ° 29 ′ 38" E |
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| Mouth height |
0 m
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| length | 93 km | |
| Catchment area | 1221 km² (above ground) | |
| Discharge at the Homa A Eo gauge: 928.4 km² |
MQ Mq |
149 m³ / s 160.5 l / (s km²) |
| Discharge at the mouth of the A Eo : 1221 km² |
MQ Mq |
156 m³ / s 127.8 l / (s km²) |
| Reservoirs flowed through | Oymapınar Dam , Manavgat Dam | |
| Big cities | Manavgat | |
| Communities | Kuyucak, Gümüşdamla, Üzümdere, Sinanhoca, Oymapınar, Titreyengöl | |
 Manavgat waterfall |
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.JPG) Manavgat rapids (küçük şelale; "small waterfall") north of the city of Manavgat |
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 The mouth of the Manavgat is used as a ship mooring. |
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Manavgat ( Turkish Manavgat Nehri ) is a river in the Turkish province of Antalya . Its ancient Greek name is Melas (Μέλας).
Course and geography
The river has its source with two small source streams in the western Taurus Mountains in the Akseki district . The western arm rises at Kuyucak on Kıraca Dagı at an altitude of about 1500 m, the eastern arm at about 1200 m height on Teke Geçidi (in German: "goat pass"). The source streams merge below Kuyucak, from there the still small river Manavagat is called Çayı . It is also fed by winter snow and karst springs, so that it has constant water even in the summer dry season.
On its south-facing route to the Mediterranean , the river is dammed up twice: first by the Oymapınar Dam (Turkish: Oymapınar Barajı ) and a few kilometers further south by the Manavgat Dam (Turkish: Manavagat Barajı ). After the second dam, Manavgat is an average of 3.5 meters deep and has a river bed around 50 meters wide.
Most of the water comes from the Dumanlı , one of the richest karst springs in the world. This spring has been under water since the Oymapınar reservoir was built. From then on one can speak of a “real” river, accordingly it is called Manavgat Nehri from here on .
About three kilometers south of the Manavgat reservoir is the smaller of the two waterfalls , in Turkish küçük şelale , which is a rapids . On the northern outskirts of Manavgat is the larger Manavgat waterfall, in Turkish büyük şelale , with a drop height of around 1.5 m.
Below the city of Manavgat , it flows 93 kilometers into the Gulf of Antalya near Titreyengöl. The alluvial (by river deposits) shaped estuary has not grown since the dams were built, as they hold back the sediments. The ocean current parallel to the coast due to the prevailing westerly winds shifted the mouth of the river further and further east. For the construction of a landing stage (until 1998) it was stabilized with steel sheet piling. In strong southerly winds, the river can be dammed back by sea water, which can result in flooding as far as Manavgat city.
Karst spring Dumanlı
The Dumanlı (Turkish: "the smoky"), also known as the Dumanlı spring, is one of the richest karst springs in the world. Today the only exit point is below the water level of the Oymapınar reservoir (location) . Before the dam was built, the source was on the left and east banks of the river, about five meters above its water level. The average spring water output is around 50 m³ / s. Even in dry times it pours over 35.6 m³ / s. The Dumanlı spring rises about a third of the Manavgat water. It is fed by an underground river system that is one of the longest in the world. Its approximately 2800 km² underground catchment area is believed to extend into the area around Akseki . The name of the karst spring is derived from the then constant haze around the outlet, caused by the turbulence of the water pouring into the river.
Places on the river
On the upper reaches of Manavgat are the villages of Kuyucak, Gümüşdamla and Üzümdere, from north to south, all of which belong to the Akseki district. Sinanhoca, Oymapınar, Dikmen and Titreyengöl on the lower reaches belong to the district of Manavgat. The only major city on the river bears his name and has around 100,000 inhabitants.
Water flow and hydrology
The amount of water in Manavgat fluctuates a little above the estuary between 20 m³ / s in midsummer and 1000 m³ / s in spring. The annual average is 149 m³ / s.
The overground catchment area of the Manavgat river system is 1221 km². Apart from the outflow from the Dumanlı Spring, the river has no tributaries to speak of .
Water quality
The water of Manavgat below the reservoirs is of drinking water quality (no coli bacteria , very low nitrite and nitrate pollution ). The long-term average pH is 7.7; the average temperature is 16.5 ° C. Due to the high calcium and magnesium content typical of karst waters , the water is hard (German degree of hardness three ).
fauna and Flora
fauna
The river and its two reservoirs with their cold, oxygen-rich water are rich in trout Salmo trutta , carp Cyprinus carpio , mullets Mugilidae , perch Perciformes and black fish Centrolophus niger . Numerous birds live and nest in the bank area, including wild ducks Anatidae and geese Anserinae , kingfishers Alcedo atthis , gray herons Ardea cinerea and partridges Perdix perdix . Many freshwater turtles also live in the river. Wild goats, wild boars and many rabbits live on the river.
flora
The river is lined with typical Mediterranean vegetation. The upper course is characterized by poplars, willows, elms, plane trees and mulberry trees, the lower course more citrus plantations.
Use and economy
In ancient times, the Melas was primarily a traffic obstacle on the coastal road from Attaleia (today Antalya ) to Korakesion (today Alanya ). Sources over a Roman bridge over the river are very uncertain; no traces of it have yet been discovered. But already in Roman times, in the 2nd half of the 2nd century, a 25 m high aqueduct was built that brought water from the Dumanlı source to Side ; the line was partially cut into the rock. Remains of the building are still in the vicinity of the city of Manavgat. The technically most interesting sections have been flooded by the Oymapınar reservoir.
Hydropower
The river's water is used for energy supply (turbine capacity of the two dams: almost 600 MW) and as a source of drinking water for the Manavgat district . The reservoirs compensate for the river's water flow, which fluctuates greatly over the course of the year.
In 1992 it was first planned to sell water from Manavgat. The DSİ , the Turkish water authority, was commissioned to draw up plans for pipelines and pumping equipment. Since 1998, water has been pumped to cities north of Manavgat. Between 1998 and 2002, nearly seven million cubic meters of water was delivered to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in inflatable plastic containers (at US $ 0.55 per liter).
In 2004, after long negotiations, a contract was signed between Turkey and Israel for the supply of Manavgat water. For the next 20 years, 50 million cubic meters were to be delivered from Turkey to Ashkelon in large tankers . Turkey then built loading and water treatment facilities and a dock at the Manavgat Estuary for $ 147 million. The contract has been suspended since May 2006 on the grounds that transport by tanker would have been too expensive; According to other views, President Erdoğan no longer wanted to do business with Israel. Talks with alternative customer countries (Malta, Morocco, Algeria, Saudi Arabia) have so far (2007) remained without concrete results.
tourism
The lower section of the run near the city of Manavgat and the two reservoirs are used for tourism. In addition to many excursion boats, there are cafes and restaurants built on or above the river. In the summer months, the lower Manavgat waterfall is particularly popular with foreign and local tourists. Below the Manavgat reservoir there is the opportunity for canyoning and rafting, the particularly beautiful section of the river is called the “Green Canyon”, or yeşil kanyon in Turkish . Boat and canoe trips are offered from Oymapınar Lake to the estuary.
In the village of Ürünlü, about 20 kilometers above the Oymapınar reservoir, the karst cave Düdensuyu Mağarası , in English: "Dolinenwasser-Höhle", discovered in 1966 , can be visited. There is an underground lake in the cave, which is rich in stalactites . Its watercourses are connected to the Dumanlı Spring.
The ancient ruins of Seleukia are about five kilometers west of the Oymapınar reservoir .
Traffic significance
The first bridge over Manavgat was built as a steel structure from 1931 to 1938 by the German company Krupp . It was renamed in 2012 after Rauf Denktaş , the first President of the Republic of Northern Cyprus. In the 1990s, a motorway bridge was built south of Manavgat and the yenı köprü , the "new bridge", in the north of the city . At the same time as the Manavgat Dam was built in 1986, a bridge was also built south of it, so that the river in its lower section no longer represents a traffic obstacle. There are no bridges over the river north of the Manavgat Reservoir.
mythology
Side was the daughter of Taurus and Kimolos and the Pamphylian goddess of fertility. One day Side went for a walk with her daughter at the Melas to tie wreaths of flowers with the nymphs of Melas. While they were dancing on the riverbank and tying wreaths with the nymphs, Side noticed a beautiful tree with thin branches, shiny leaves and full of flowers, a tree she had never seen before. She went to the tree and broke the prettiest branch to give as a gift to her daughter. But suddenly the branch and the tree began to bleed, and Side realized that the tree was a nymph who turned into a tree to avoid being stalked by evil people. Side wanted to run away from grief, but she couldn't anymore. She felt her legs grow into the ground and become roots. Her skin slowly formed into a bark and Side was turned into a tree. The nymphs wept bitterly and their tears still feed the (Dumanlı) spring.
literature
- Hillel Shuval, Hassan Dweik (Ed.): Water Resources in the Middle East: Israel-Palestinian Water Issues. Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2007.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Ian Simmers (ed.): Estimation of Natural Groundwater Recharge. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht 1987, p. 409.
- ↑ Ibrahim Gürer, Mehmet Ülger: Manavgat River Water as a Limited but Alternative Water Resource for Domestic Use in Middle East , Ankara 2004 (accessed October 8, 2014)
- ↑ yukselproje.com.tr ( Memento of the original from June 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ yukselproje.com.tr ( Memento of the original from June 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ N. Kresic, Z. Stefanovic (Ed.): Groundwater Hydrology of Springs. Butterworth Heinemann, Burlington 2010, p. 482.
- ↑ side-manavgat.com ( Memento of the original dated February 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ yukselproje.com.tr ( Memento of the original from June 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Ian Simmers (ed.): Estimation of Natural Groundwater Recharge. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht 1987, p. 409.
- ↑ Hillel Shuval, Hassan Dweik (Ed.): Water Resources in the Middle East: Israel-Palestinian Water Issues. Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2007, pp. 181f.
- ↑ dsi.gov.tr
- ↑ Hillel Shuval, Hassan Dweik (Ed.): Water Resources in the Middle East: Israel-Palestinian Water Issues. Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2007, p. 175.
- ↑ Hillel Shuval, Hassan Dweik (Ed.): Water Resources in the Middle East: Israel-Palestinian Water Issues. Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2007, p. 178.
