Red mullet

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Red mullet
Parupeneus cyclostomus

Parupeneus cyclostomus

Systematics
Acanthomorphata
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii)
Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae)
Order : Pipefish (Syngnathiformes)
Subordination : Mulloid egg
Family : Red mullet
Scientific name
Mullidae
Rafinesque , 1815

Red mullets or sea mullets (Mullidae) are a widespread family of perch relatives (Percomorphaceae). The family includes over 80 species. They occur in warm coastal regions of all seas, rarely also in brackish water . They are not closely related to the barbels that live in fresh water . The main distribution center with around 30 species are the waters around Indonesia .

features

Red mullets have an elongated, laterally slightly flattened body and are 7 to 60 cm long. The head profile is steep, the back arched, the belly almost straight. The two dorsal fins are separated by a relatively wide space. The first is supported by six to eight fin spines, the second by a stinger and eight to nine soft rays. In the anal fin there is a spine and five to eight soft rays. It is always shorter than the second dorsal fin. The caudal fin is forked. At the tip of the lower jaw there are two long, mobile barbels that can be put back in pits when swimming freely. They are chemosensory and are used to search for food. The mouth is small, underneath, protractile (can be pushed forward) and has small teeth. The number of vertebrae is 24. The swim bladder is small. In many cases, red mullets are brightly colored, with red tones dominating. Some species can change the pattern on the skin from streaky to blotchy or solid color. Different color morphs can occur in one species. Red mullets have relatively large round scales or only slightly toothed comb scales.

Way of life

Red mullets live near the coast in shallow water. There are diurnal and nocturnal species. They search for food in smaller groups or larger schools of sand or silt soils and seagrass beds and feed on small, benthic invertebrates (worms, molluscs , small echinoderms ) and small fish. As they root, they throw up clouds of sand and silt and are often accompanied by other fish (especially wrasse ) that eat leftover food particles. Red mullets are free spawners who do not care for their brood. The eggs contain a drop of oil and float pelagically in the open water, as do the larvae.

External system

Traditionally, the goatfish are placed in the order of the perch-like (Perciformes), which in its old composition is poly - and paraphyletic . However, the comparison of DNA sequences reveals a close relationship with the pipefish-like (Syngnathiformes) and Betancur-R. and colleagues assign the red mullet to this order in their new system of bony fish . The relationship between these outwardly quite different groups is based exclusively on the comparison of DNA sequences and has not yet been supported by morphological autapomorphies . Near and co-workers establish a sister group relationship between pipefish species and the goatfish, but do not go so far as to put the goatfish in the order of the Syngnathiformes.

Internal system

There are over 80 species in six genera:

Mulloidichthys vanicolensis
Striped barbel ( Mullus surmuletus )
Parupeneus spilurus
Parupeneus trifasciatus
Pseudupeneus maculatus
Upeneichthys lineatus
Upeneus parvus
Upeneus taeniopterus
Upeneus vittatus

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Blaise Li, Agnès Dettaï, Corinne Cruaud, Arnaud Couloux, Martine Desoutter-Meniger, Guillaume Lecointre: RNF213, a new nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 50, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 345-363 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.11.013
  2. ↑ Ricardo Betancur-R., Richard E. Broughton, Edward O. Wiley, Kent Carpenter, J. Andrés López, Chenhong Li, Nancy I. Holcroft, Dahiana Arcila, Millicent Sanciangco, James C Cureton II, Feifei Zhang, Thaddaeus Buser, Matthew A. Campbell, Jesus A Ballesteros, Adela Roa-Varon, Stuart Willis, W. Calvin Borden, Thaine Rowley, Paulette C. Reneau, Daniel J. Hough, Guoqing Lu, Terry Grande, Gloria Arratia, Guillermo Ortí: The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes. PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 2013 Apr 18. Edition 1. doi: 10.1371 / currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 , PDF ( Memento of the original from October 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / currents.plos.org
  3. ^ Thomas J. Near, A. Dornburg, RI Eytan, BP Keck, WL Smith, KL Kuhn, JA Moore, SA Price, FT Burbrink, M. Friedman & PC Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101: 12738-21743. doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1304661110 [PDF]
  4. ↑ Arthur R. Bos: Upeneus nigromarginatus , a new species of goatfish (Perciformes: Mullidae) from the Philippines Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Information: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Raffles Bulletin of Zoology . 62, 2014, pp. 750-758. Retrieved January 7, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg

Web links

Commons : Goatfish  - Collection of images, videos and audio files