Methanobrevibacter

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Methanobrevibacter
Systematics
Domain : Archaea (Archaea)
Department : Euryarchaeota
Class : Methanobacteria
Order : Methanobacteriales
Family : Methanobacteriaceae
Genre : Methanobrevibacter
Scientific name
Methanobrevibacter
Balch & Wolfe , 1981

Methanobrevibacter is a genus of obligately anaerobic , methanogenic archaea . Species of this genus can occur in the intestines , dental flora and vagina of many mammals.

features

The unicellular organism is prokaryotic , so it has no real nucleus . The name Methanobrevibacter means something like “methane-forming, short rod”. The cells of the different species are oval, spherical or rod-shaped; Methanobrevibacter does not form spores and rarely forms filaments (cell forms). Its length is up to 4  μm , its width is up to 1 μm. It is gram-positive , has a cell wall made of pseudopeptidoglycan and, depending on the species, reaches its optimum growth at a pH value between 6 and 8 and at temperatures of 28–42 ° C.

Way of life

It is found in the digestive tract of mammals (e.g. in the human intestinal flora ). It utilizes carbon dioxide and hydrogen and produces methane . This gas is excreted from mammals as flatus from their intestinal tract, but small amounts are also absorbed into the bloodstream.

Systematics

The genus Methanobrevibacter Balch & Wolfe 1981 was described in 1979 and confirmed in 1981. The type species of the genus is Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (Smith & Hungate 1958) Balch & Wolfe 1981 . This species was previously assigned to the genus Methanobacterium (as " Methanobacterium ruminantium Smith & Hungate 1958 ").

External system

The genus Methanobrevibacter is a taxon within the family Methanobacteriacea , which belongs to the order Methanobacteriales , which in turn is the type order of the class Methanobacteria ; the Methanobacteria belong to the Euryarchaeota division within the Archaea domain ( LPSN ). All previously known species that were assigned to the Methanobacteria Boone 2002 class operate methanogenesis , ie they are methane producers ; within the Euryarchaeota department there are archaea that produce methane and some that do not.

Due to changes in the taxonomy of prokaryotes , the taxonomic classification of all methane generators and thus also the systematics of Methanobrevibacter were amended in the past . Today the methane generators no longer represent a taxonomic unit, but a physiological or ecological group to which Methanobrevibacter also belongs; For historical reasons there is the outdated and ambiguous term “methane bacteria”.

species

15 species were assigned to the genus ( LPSN , accessed 2019-09):

Web links

Commons : Methanobrevibacter  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ The genus was identified by Balch et al. (1979, PMID 390357 ) and the authorship was confirmed in list number 6 (1981, doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-31-2-215 ). At this time no distinction was made between the domains ( bacteria and archaea ); the assignment to the domain of the archaea took place subsequently through an increase in knowledge (Woese et al. 1990, PMID 2112744 ). See also section #Systematics .
  2. ↑ In the LPSN (accessed 2019-09) the origin of the name for Methanobrevibacter stated the following: Etymology: NL n. Methanum [from French n. Méth ( yle ) and chemical suffix - ane ], methane; NL pref. methano -, pertaining to methane; L. adj. brevis , short; NL masc. N. Bacter , rod, staff; NL masc. N. Methanobrevibacter , short methane (-producing) rod.
  3. ↑ The cell shapes are also referred to as "coccobacilli" (oval, very short rod-shaped cells), as cocci (spherical or spherical cells) or as rods (or as bacilli , sometimes also as bacteria). Filamentous cells are called filaments .
  4. ↑ The term "methane bacteria" has become ambiguous due to the increase in knowledge (see methane producers , definition of terms ). The Duden online dictionary contained the following (accessed 2019-09-10, https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/methanbakterie , Methanbakterie ): “Noun, feminine - methane- producing bacteria that only occurs in anaerobic locations ".

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Elizabeth Hansen: Comparative and Functional Genomic Analysis of the Methanobrevibacter smithii Pan Genome . In: All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) . No. 695 . Washington University Open Scholarship, May 24, 2012, doi : 10.7936 / k7hd7sp5 (English, wustl.edu ).
  2. ^ BS Samuel, EE Hansen, JK Manchester, PM Coutinho, B. Henrissat: Genomic and metabolic adaptations of Methanobrevibacter smithii to the human gut . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 104 , no. 25 , June 19, 2007, ISSN  0027-8424 , p. 10643-10648 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0704189104 , PMID 17563350 , PMC 1890564 (free full text).
  3. ↑ Everly Conway de Macario, Alberto JL Macario: Methanogenic archaea in health and disease: a novel paradigm of microbial pathogenesis . In: International journal of medical microbiology: IJMM . tape 299 , no. 2 , February 1, 2009, p. 99-108 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijmm.2008.06.011 , PMID 18757236 .
  4. ↑ Archaeans - Archaea - Details - Encyclopedia of Life. In: Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved June 4, 2016 .
  5. ^ Methanobrevibacter - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life. In: Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved June 4, 2016 .
  6. ↑ a b c d methanogen. In: metanogen.biotech.uni.wroc.pl. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, accessed on September 9, 2019 .
  7. ↑ a b c d Terry L. Miller: Methanobrevibacter . In: Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2015, ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8 , pp. 1-14 , doi : 10.1002 / 9781118960608.gbm00496 .
  8. ↑ BS Samuel, EE Hansen, JK Manchester, PM Coutinho, B. Henrissat, R. Fulton, P. Latreille, K. Kim, RK Wilson, JI Gordon: Genomic and metabolic adaptations of Methanobrevibacter smithii to the human gut. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 104, number 25, June 2007, pp. 10643-10648, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.0704189104 , PMID 17563350 , PMC 1890564 (free full text).
  9. ↑ Terry L. Miller, MJ Wolin, Everly Conway de Macario, and Alberto JL Macario: Isolation of Methanobrevibacter smithii from Human Feces . ( Online [PDF]).
  10. ^ WE Balch, GE Fox, LJ Magrum, CR Woese, RS Wolfe: Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group . In: Microbiological Reviews . tape 43 , no. 2 , June 1979, ISSN  0146-0749 , pp. 260-296 , PMID 390357 , PMC 281474 (free full text).
  11. ^ A b Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB: List No. 6 . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 31 , no. 2 , April 1, 1981, ISSN  0020-7713 , pp. 215-218 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-31-2-215 .
  12. ^ Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . Validation list no. 85. In: IUMS [responsible body] (Ed.): International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 52 , Pt 3, May 2002, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 685-690 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-52-3-685 , PMID 12054225 .
  13. ^ David R. Boone: Class I. Methanobacteria class. nov. In: David R. Boone, Richard W. Castenholz, George M. Garrity (Eds.): Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology . 2nd Edition. Volume one: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. Springer Verlag, New York 2001, p. 213 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-21609-6 .
  14. ^ Classification of bacteria - sponsored by Ribocon GmbH. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved September 9, 2019 .
  15. ↑ Eric Bapteste, Celine Brochier, Yan Boucher: Higher-level classification of the Archaea: evolution of methanogenesis and methanogens . In: Archaea (Vancouver, BC) . tape 1 , no. 5 , May 2005, ISSN  1472-3646 , p. 353-363 , PMID 15876569 , PMC 2685549 (free full text).
  16. ^ RH Whittaker: New Concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms . In: Science . tape 163 , no. 3863 , January 10, 1969, ISSN  0036-8075 , p. 150–160 , doi : 10.1126 / science.163.3863.150 , PMID 5762760 ( online [accessed May 28, 2016]).
  17. ↑ CR Woese, GE Fox: Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . tape 74 , no. 11 , November 1, 1977, pp. 5088-5090 , PMID 270744 , PMC 432104 (free full text).
  18. ↑ CR Woese, O. Kandler, ML Wheelis: Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 87 , no. 12 , June 1, 1990, ISSN  0027-8424 , p. 4576–4579 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.87.12.4576 , PMID 2112744 , PMC 54159 (free full text).
  19. ↑ Methanobrevibacter. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved September 9, 2019 .