Methanobacterium

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Methanobacterium
Systematics
Domain : Archaea (Archaea)
Department : Euryarchaeota
Class : Methanobacteria
Order : Methanobacteriales
Family : Methanobacteriaceae
Genre : Methanobacterium
Scientific name
Methanobacterium
Kluyver & van Niel 1936

Methanobacterium is a genus of prokaryotic microorganisms, i.e. a genus of living beings whose cells do not have a real nucleus . Contrary to what the name part “bacterium” suggests, Methanobacterium does not belong to the Bacteria , but to the domain Archaea . It is rod-shaped, anaerobic , forms methane and was described in 1936.

properties

The cells are straight, curved, or curved rods that are long to thread-shaped and about 0.5 to 1.0 micrometers ( µm ) in diameter. Endospores are not formed. Methanobacterium is immobile and fimbriae can be present. The cell walls are chemically different from peptidoglycan and usually appear Gram-positive , both on Gram stain and on electron microscopy.

Methanobacterium species find optimal growth temperatures at 37 to 45  ° C and are strictly anaerobic . The energy metabolism is effected by reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to methane (CH 4 ), said hydrogen (H 2 ) as the electron donor is used for this reduction and some Methanobacterium strains can also formate , secondary alcohols and carbon monoxide (CO) use. Ammonia (or nitrous for some strains ) can be used as the sole source of nitrogen . Sulphide can serve as a source of sulfur . The G + C content of the DNA in Methanobacterium ranges from 32 to 61  % .

Systematics

overview

The genus Methanobacterium was described by Kluyver and van Niel in 1936 and confirmed in 1980.

The type species of the genus is Methanobacterium formicicum . The type strain of the type species M. formicicum is the strain MF (or DSM 1535).

Methanobacterium is the type genus of the family Methanobacteriaceae and it is the type genus of the order Methanobacteriales.

The order Methanobacteriales is the type of the class Methanobacteria.

Methanobacterium belongs to the domain Archaea and there in the phylum (or in the division) Euryarchaeota .

The current nomenclature and classification can be viewed in the LPSN , accessed 2019-07.

Names

Origin of name

The generic name “Methanobacterium” roughly means “methane-forming rod” (neo-Latin methanum = methane and Latin bacterium = rod; origin of the name in the LPSN ).

Ambiguous terms

For historical reasons, names that incorporate the words “methane” and “bacterium” have a strong tendency to be ambiguous.

Ambiguous translations

The homonym “methan bacteria” (or “methanobacteria”) could, depending on the time at which the term was used, e.g. B. mean the following:

  • several members (species, strains, colonies, etc.) of the genus Methanobacterium ,
  • all rod-shaped (bacterial) methane generators ,
  • all methane generators ("bacteria" as a synonym for all prokaryotes , e.g. Barker 1956)
  • the Methanobacteriaceae family (Barker 1956),
  • the class Methanobacteria (as a common name ).

Therefore, in case of doubt, you should give preference to the respective scientific name in full form.

Ambiguous assignment of culture strains

When assigning culture strains for Methanobacterium, it is also helpful to have information that is as complete as possible in order to prevent mix-ups or to be able to understand them. For example, a strain called "MoH" was associated with the names "Methanobacillus omelianskii", "Methanobacterium formicicum" and "Methanobacterium bryantii":

  • In 1967, Bryant et al. described a co-culture that contained a methane-producing strain that Bryant called "MoH". The underlying coculture was previously referred to as "Methanobacillus omelianskii" because it was initially unknown that two microorganisms were involved. The strain "MoH" (or DSM 863) was assigned to the genus Methanobacterium in 1979 . Due to confusion, the strain “MoH” (or DSM 863) has meanwhile been assigned as a type strain for two different species (for Methanobacterium formicicum and for Methanobacterium bryantii ). This dual allocation was canceled in 1992.

In order to identify the status of species descriptions, extended spellings are often used, as shown here for a taxonomic database ( LPSN ) and two stem collections ( DSMZ and ATCC®) using two examples:

M. formicicum :

  • LPSN - " Methanobacterium formicicum Schnellen 1947 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Judicial Commission 1992 ",
  • DSMZ - " Methanobacterium formicicum Schnellen 1947 emend. Judicial Commission 1992 ",
  • ATCC® - “ Methanobacterium formicicum Rapid emend. Judicial Commission (ATCC®33274 ™) ".

M. bryantii :

  • LPSN - " Methanobacterium bryantii Balch and Wolfe 1981 emend. Judicial Commission 1992 ",
  • DSMZ - " Methanobacterium bryantii Balch and Wolfe 1981 emend. Judicial Commission 1992 ",
  • ATCC® - " Methanobacterium bryantii Balch and Wolfe (ATCC® 33272 ™)".

The lettering “emend. Judicial Commission 1992 “points out that in 1992 a corresponding body, ultimately on behalf of the International Association of Microbiological Societies ( IUMS ), improved the description of the two species.

Ambiguous classification

Another challenge is taxonomic synonyms in relation to the classification of the genus Methanobacterium . Above the order " Methanobacteriales Balch & Wolfe 1981" there are alternative classification systems:

  • In 1984 Murray set up the class "Archaeobacteria" with the type order Methanobacteriales. The class " Archaeobacteria Murray 1988" was based on the similarly written "primary kingdom archaebacteria" by Woese and Fox, 1977. The prokaryotes are sometimes differentiated up to the present day (for example 2015 in Akanni et al. ) As Eubacteria and Archaebacteria (like this Groups were named as early as 1977 by Woese and Fox), instead of as Bacteria and Archaea (as suggested in 1990 by Woese et al. ).
  • In 2002 Cavalier-Smith presented the class " Methanothermea Cavalier-Smith 2002", which included the order Methanobacteriales and the order Methanococcales as a type.

The use of the class Methanobacteria Boone 2002 (Effective publication 2001and recognition in 2002) has prevailed. The name " Archaeobacteria Murray 1988" is practically not used, but the name " Methanothermea Cavalier-Smith 2002" is sometimes mentioned.

Species of the genus

At the time of retrieval (2019-07), 34 species names for the genus Methanobacterium were listed in the LPSN (List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature) . 24 species names corresponded to current species of the genus, 10 names were used earlier and later recombined, i.e. these 10 species were ultimately placed in other genera.

Current species

Species currently (2019-07) within the genus Methanobacterium :

Methanobacteriaceae Barker 1956 (parent family)

Earlier species

Former Methanobacterium species (accessed 2019-07), which now belong to other genera ( Methanobrevibacter , Methanothermobacter and Methanomicrobium ):

  1. Methanobacterium arbophilicum → Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus corrig. (Zeikus & Henning 1975) Balch et al. 1981
  2. Methanobacterium defluvii → Methanothermobacter defluvii (Kotelnikova et al. 1994) Boone 2002
  3. Methanobacterium mobile → Methanomicrobium mobile (Paynter & Hungate 1968) Balch and Wolfe 1981
  4. Methanobacterium ruminantium → Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (Smith & Hungate 1958) Balch and Wolfe 1981
  5. Methanobacterium thermalcaliphilum → Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Zeikus & Wolfe 1972) Wasserfallen et al. 2000
  6. Methanobacterium thermautotrophicum → Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Zeikus & Wolfe 1972) Wasserfallen et al. 2000
  7. Methanobacterium thermoflexum → Methanothermobacter thermoflexus (Kotelnikova et al. 1994) Boone 2002
  8. Methanobacterium thermoformicicum → Methanobacterium thermautotrophicum → Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Zeikus & Wolfe 1972) Wasserfallen et al. 2000
  9. Methanobacterium thermophilum → Methanothermobacter thermophilus (Laurinavichus et al. 1990) Boone 2002
  10. Methanobacterium wolfei → Methanothermobacter wolfeii (Winter et al. 1985) Wasserfallen et al. 2000

Phylogenetics

After phylogenetic analyzes, Methanobacterium is placed in a clade that contains only methane-forming archaea and has been designated as the "super class Methanomada". The clade "Methanomada" contains the orders Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales and Methanopyrales, or the classes Methanobacteria, Methanococci and Methanopyri and is part of the Euryarcheota .

Occurrence and meaning

Species with the generic name Methanobacterium occur both in cold habitats and at higher temperatures. This makes them interesting both from an ecological point of view, since they play a role in the methane formation in the extensive peat areas in arctic areas, and for energy generation , since methane production is efficient at higher temperatures (e.g. 60 ° C for Methanobacterium thermaggregans ) can.

However, some species that used to belong to Methanobacterium were later assigned to Methanothermobacter . The thermophilic species Methanobacterium thermaggregans , which is valid today and isolated from the mud of a cattle pasture, has already been associated with Methanothermobacter . Two types of methane-forming archaea that occur in the rumen of ruminants ( Methanomicrobium mobile and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium ) were also previously assigned to Methanobacterium . At least in domestic cattle , no Methanobacterium species is one of the core components of the microbiome in the rumen.

Methanobacterium strains or species were often isolated from anaerobic sludge or the like, e.g. B. from the sediment of a freshwater lake ( M. lacus ) and from rice fields ( M. kanagiense and M. oryzae ), from more salty habitats such as marshland ( M. uliginosum ) and marine sediment ( M. aarhusense ), from alkaline salt lakes ( M. alcaliphilum , M. flexile and M. movens ) and from special subterranean habitats ( M. subterraneum was isolated from a deep water system below a Baltic Sea island and M. movilense was isolated from a cave with high hydrogen sulfide - ammonium - and methane content).

Furthermore, species originate from permafrost soils in tundras ( M. arcticum and M. veterum ) and peat bogs in the northern hemisphere ( M. paludis and M. palustre ). Species were also isolated from technical systems, e.g. B. from plants for anaerobic, organic waste recycling ( M. aggregans , M. beijingense , M. congolense and M. formicicum ) and special, technical plants ( M. espanolae was isolated from the sludge of a wastewater treatment plant of a Kraft paper mill in Canada; M ferruginis and M. petrolearium were isolated from salty environments in Japan, M. ferruginis from corroded iron from the inside of a natural gas pipeline, and M. petrolearium from the bottom sludge of a mineral oil tank ).

Overall, Methanobacterium species tend to be syntrophic . One of the earliest strains of Methanobacterium , "MoH", comes from a co-culture of two microbes , initially called "Methanobacterium Omelianskii" and later "Methanobacillus omelianskii". In this co-culture, one of the syntrophic partners (“ S- organism”) was able to produce hydrogen , acetate and carbon dioxide from ethanol , while the other partner (“MoH”) used the hydrogen together with the carbon dioxide for methane formation . The strain "MoH" was later assigned to the species Methanobacterium bryantii and should ultimately come from water sludge. In another co-culture, Methanobacterium bryantii influenced the transcription of Anaeromyces robustus , a fungus (family Neocallimastigaceae ) found in the digestive tract of mammals. In the fungus, the genes of carbohydrate- active enzymes were promoted, which should aim at the increased breakdown of cellulose and wood.

An important point that should favor syntrophies is the metabolism of Methanobacterium , which is based on carbon dioxide and hydrogen . In most of the ecosystems that Methanobacterium colonizes, both carbon dioxide and hydrogen come from fermentation processes of anaerobic bacteria (see also methanogenesis ).

The exact proportions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen utilization for individual strains have hardly been investigated so far. Methanobacterium uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen for two purposes: to provide energy and to build its archaeal cells . The first aspect ( energy metabolism ) is based on the fact that the end product of the chemical redox reaction , methane , contains less energy than the starting materials and the second aspect ( assimilation of carbon) is based on the fact that part of the carbon, which comes from the carbon dioxide, is added the cell's own connections are converted.

A study was carried out with Methanobacterium congolense , which mainly dealt with the question of how much carbon dioxide the M. congolense strain under consideration requires. It turned out that the concentration of carbon dioxide that should be used for an effective methanogenesis process had less to do with the availability of the carbon dioxide itself and more to do with the pH of the medium. (Dissolved carbon dioxide is an acid and affects Methanobacterium when the pH gets too low.)

Databases

Remarks

  1. ↑ The word part "bacterium" in the generic name means "the rod" in Latin and refers to the shape of the cells of Methanobacterium (e.g. online dictionary, https://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/bacterium- translation.html , accessed 2019-07).
  2. ↑ The assignment to the domain of the archaea was made afterwards through an increase in knowledge (Woese et al. 1990, PMID 2112744 ). At the time of the species description (Kluyver & van Niel 1936), or at the time of confirmation (Approved Lists 1980), no distinction was made between bacteria and archaea. See also #Systematics in this article.
  3. ↑ Garrity et al. (2001) published the Phylum Euryarchaeota (book chapter, pages 211-355) with the new class Methanobacteria (Boone 2001, section from page 213) in a book on the domain Archaea (2001, doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-21609 -6 ). The names Euryarchaeota and Archaea for the two higher taxa come from Woese et al. (1990, PMID 2112744 ).
  4. ↑ Entry on the origin of the name for the genus Methanobacterium in the LPSN (accessed 2019-07, http://www.bacterio.net/methanobacterium.html ): Etymology: NL n. Methanum [from French n. Méth (yle) and chemical suffix -ane], methane; NL pref. methano, pertaining to methane; L. neut. n. bacterium, a rod; NL neut. n. Methanobacterium, methane (-producing) rod.
  5. ↑ The ATCC (polling 2019-07, was according to self-representation https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/en/About/About_ATCC/Who_We_Are.aspx ) ATCC (R) Founded in 1925 as a central collection of microorganisms ( " ATCC was established in 1925 when a committee of scientists recognized a need for a central collection of microorganisms that would serve scientists all over the world. ”) And sees itself as a resource for biological material and organization that sets standards in this area (“ ATCC is the premier global biological materials resource and standards organization whose mission focuses on the acquisition, authentication, production, preservation, development, and distribution of standard reference microorganisms, cell lines, and other materials. ”) The meaning of the abbreviation" ATCC "goes the ATCC (R) does not. The (earlier) designation as " American Type Culture Collection " is common. "CC" is also associated with "central collection" and "collection center".
  6. ↑ "Methano (thermo) bacter (ium) therm (o) aggregans" - The species was described by Blotevogel & Fischer (1985; doi : 10.1007 / BF00693393 ) as "Methanobacterium therm o aggregans" and later confirmed (1988, list number 25 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-38-2-220 ). The spelling has been corrected to Methanobacterium thermaggregans (Boone & Mah, 1989). Yarza et al. (2013, doi : 10.1016 / j.syapm.2012.12.006 ) showed that the type trunk (DSM 3266, catalog of the DSMZ : https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-3266.html ) shows a close match between the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the genus Methanothermobacter (99.92% to Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus ). The information was found in the LPSN (accessed 2019-07: http://www.bacterio.net/methanobacterium.html ).
  7. ↑ The isolation of Methanobacterium formicicum refers here to the isolation of the neotype strain MF (or DSM 1535), which according to a description by Bryant & Boone (1987, doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-37-2-171 ) by MP Bryant in 1966 from a sewage treatment plant in the city of Urbana ( Illinois , USA ) [“A liquid sample (approximately 1 liter) was obtained from a domestic sewage sludge digestor in Urbana, Ill., and immediately brought to the laboratory.”]. This strain (MF or DSM 1535) was ultimately confirmed as a type strain of the species Methanobacterium formicicum by the IUMS (1992, doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-42-4-654 ). The trunk or the trunks on which the species description by Schnellen (1947) was based are no longer available.
  8. ↑ Bryant et al. (1967, doi : 10.1007 / BF00406313 ) stated that they had received the co-culture "Methanobacillus omelianskii" from Barker: "Some of us have been conducting studies since 1961 on a strain of M. omelianskii kindly supplied by BARKER." Barker (1939, doi : 10.1007 / BF02146187 ) reported that the “Methanobacterium Omelianskii” culture (s) were obtained from freshwater mud or sea mud: “Enrichment cultures for Mb. Omelianskii were obtained by inoculating fresh water or marine muds ... ”. Therefore, the MoH strain, which Bryant et al. (1967, doi : 10.1007 / BF00406313 ) isolated from the “Methanobacillus omelianskii” co-culture, either from freshwater mud or from sea mud.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e P. HA Sneath, Vicki McGowan, VBD Skerman (editing authors) on behalf of The Ad Hoc Committee of the Judicial Commission of the ICSB: Approved Lists of Bacterial Names . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 30 , no. 1 , January 1, 1980, p. 225 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-30-1-225 .
  2. ^ A b A. J. Kluyver & CB Van Niel: Prospects for a natural system of classification of bacteria . In: Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde, Infectious Diseases and Hygiene. Department II . tape 94 , 1936, pp. 369-403 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i David R. Boone: Methanobacterium . In: Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2015, ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8 , pp. 1-8 , doi : 10.1002 / 9781118960608.gbm00495 .
  4. ↑ a b c d IUMS (responsible body): Opinion 64: Designation of Strain MF (DSM 1535) in Place of Strain MoH (DSM 863) as the Type Strain of Methanobacterium formicicum Schnellen 1947, and Designation of Strain MoH (DSM 863) as the Type Strain of Methanobacterium bryantii (Balch and Wolfe in Balch, Fox, Magrum, Woese, and Wolfe 1979, 284) Boone 1987, 173: Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 42 , no. 4 , October 1, 1992, ISSN  0020-7713 , p. 654-654 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-42-4-654 .
  5. Jump up ↑ Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes: The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales, Halanaerobiales, Halobacteriales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Planctomycetales, Prochlorales, Sulfolobales, Thermocicocesiales are Halrobactium, Halrobacruium, Thermoplasium, Thermoprotium, Halrobacterium, Acholrobium, Acholerobialium, Halrobacterium, Halrobacterium are Halrobiales, Halanaerobiales. Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium, Planctomyces, Prochloron, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium, respectively. Opinion 79 . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 55 , Pt 1, January 2005, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 517-518 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.63548-0 , PMID 15653928 .
  6. ↑ a b c IUMS (competent authority): Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB: List No. 6 . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 31 , no. 2 , April 1, 1981, ISSN  0020-7713 , pp. 215-218 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-31-2-215 .
  7. ↑ a b IUMS (responsible body): Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . Validation list no. 85. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 52 , Pt 3, May 2002, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 685-690 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-52-3-685 , PMID 12054225 .
  8. ↑ George M. Garrity, John G. Holt, William B. Whitman, Jyoti Keswani, David R. Boone, Yosuke Koga, et al .: Phylum AII. Euryarchaeota phy. nov. In: David R. Boone, Richard W. Castenholz, George M. Garrity (Eds.): Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology . Second ed. Volume one: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. Springer Verlag, New York 2001, ISBN 978-0-387-98771-2 , pp. 211 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-21609-6_17 .
  9. ^ A b David R. Boone: Class I. Methanobacteria class. nov. In: David R. Boone, Richard W. Castenholz, George M. Garrity (Eds.): Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology . Second ed. Volume one: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. Springer Verlag, New York 2001, p. 213 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-0-387-21609-6 .
  10. ^ A b C. R. Woese, O. Kandler, ML Wheelis: Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 87 , no. June 12 , 1990, ISSN  0027-8424 , pp. 4576–4579 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.87.12.4576 , PMID 2112744 , PMC 54159 (free full text).
  11. ↑ LPSN in cooperation with Ribocon GmbH: Search for names in the LPSN. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, accessed July 2019 .
  12. ↑ LPSN in cooperation with Ribocon GmbH: Methanobacterium; Classification of domains and phyla - Hierarchical classification of prokaryotes (bacteria), Version 2.1. Updated 19 July 2018. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, July 2018, accessed July 2019 .
  13. ↑ a b H. A. Barker: Bacterial fermentations . Ed .: John Wiley and Sons. New York 1956, p. 1-95 .
  14. ↑ a b c d e M. P. Bryant, EA Wolin, MJ Wolin, RS Wolfe: Methanobacillus omelianskii, a symbiotic association of two species of bacteria . In: Archives for Microbiology . tape 59 , no. 1 , 1967, ISSN  0003-9276 , pp. 20-31 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00406313 , PMID 5602458 .
  15. ^ WE Balch, GE Fox, LJ Magrum, CR Woese, RS Wolfe: Methanogens: reevaluation of a unique biological group . In: Microbiological Reviews . tape 43 , no. 2 , June 1979, ISSN  0146-0749 , pp. 260-296 , PMID 390357 , PMC 281474 (free full text).
  16. ↑ Methanobacterium formicicum Schnellen 1947, species. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Accessed December 2, 2019 .
  17. ↑ Methanobacterium formicicum - DSM-1535. In: DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganism and Cell Cultures. Leibniz Institute, accessed on December 2, 2019 .
  18. ↑ Methanobacterium formicicum rapid emend. Judicial Commission (ATCC® 33274 ™). ATCC, accessed December 2, 2019 .
  19. ^ Methanobacterium bryantii Balch and Wolfe 1981. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Accessed December 2, 2019 .
  20. ↑ DSMZ: Methanobacterium bryantii - DSM 863. In: DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganism and Cell Cultures. Leibniz Institute, accessed on December 2, 2019 .
  21. ^ Methanobacterium bryantii Balch and Wolfe (ATCC® 33272 ™). ATCC, accessed December 2, 2019 .
  22. ^ RGE Murray: The higher taxa, or, a place for everything. . .? In: NR Krieg, JG Holt (Ed.): Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology . ed. one. Volume one, 1984, p. 31-34 .
  23. ↑ IUMS (responsible body): Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB: List No. 25 . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 38 , no. 2 , April 1, 1988, ISSN  0020-7713 , pp. 220-222 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-38-2-220 .
  24. ^ A b C. R. Woese, GE Fox: Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . tape 74 , no. November 11 , 1977, ISSN  0027-8424 , pp. 5088-5090 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas.74.11.5088 , PMID 270744 , PMC 432104 (free full text).
  25. ↑ Wasiu Akanni A., Karen Siu-Ting, Christopher J. Creevey, James O. McInerney, Mark Wilkinson: Horizontal gene flow from eubacteria to archaebacteria and what it Means for our understanding of eukaryogenesis . In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences . tape 370 , no. 1678 , September 26, 2015, ISSN  1471-2970 , p. 20140337 , doi : 10.1098 / rstb.2014.0337 , PMID 26323767 , PMC 4571575 (free full text).
  26. ^ T Cavalier-Smith: The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 52 , no. 1 , January 1, 2002, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 7-76 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-52-1-7 .
  27. ↑ a b c LPSN in cooperation with Ribocon GmbH: retrieval of the genus Methanobacterium with their species. In: LPSN, List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. JP Euzéby, accessed July 2019 .
  28. ^ A b Céline Petitjean, Philippe Deschamps, Purificación López-García, David Moreira, Céline Brochier-Armanet: Extending the conserved phylogenetic core of archaea disentangles the evolution of the third domain of life . In: Molecular Biology and Evolution . tape 32 , no. 5 , May 2015, ISSN  1537-1719 , p. 1242-1254 , doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msv015 , PMID 25660375 .
  29. ↑ Panagiotis S. Adam, Guillaume Borrel, Celine Brochier-Armanet, Simonetta Gribaldo: The growing tree of Archaea: new perspectives on their diversity, evolution and ecology . In: The ISME journal . tape 11 , no. November 11 , 2017, ISSN  1751-7370 , p. 2407-2425 , doi : 10.1038 / ismej.2017.122 , PMID 28777382 , PMC 5649171 (free full text).
  30. ↑ a b Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz, Suzanna L. Bräuer, Noah Goodson, Joseph B. Yavitt, Stephen H. Zinder: Methanobacterium paludis sp. nov. and a novel strain of Methanobacterium lacus isolated from northern peatlands . In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 64 , Pt 5, May 2014, ISSN  1466-5034 , p. 1473-1480 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.059964-0 , PMID 24449792 .
  31. ^ A b Lisa-Maria Mauerhofer, Barbara Reischl, Tilman Schmider, Benjamin Schupp, Kinga Nagy: Physiology and methane productivity of Methanobacterium thermaggregans . In: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . tape 102 , no. September 17 , 2018, ISSN  1432-0614 , p. 7643-7656 , doi : 10.1007 / s00253-018-9183-2 , PMID 29959465 , PMC 6097776 (free full text).
  32. ↑ Karl-Heinz Blotevogel, Ulrich Fischer: Isolation and characterization of a new thermophilic and autotrophic methane producing bacterium: Methanobacterium thermoaggregans spec. nov. In: Archives of Microbiology . tape 142 , no. 3 , August 1985, ISSN  0302-8933 , p. 218-222 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00693393 .
  33. ↑ MJ Paynter, RE Hungate: Characterization of Methanobacterium mobilis, sp. n., isolated from the bovine rumen. In: Journal of bacteriology. Volume 95, Number 5, May 1968, pp. 1943-1951, PMID 4870286 , PMC 252229 (free full text).
  34. ↑ PH SMITH, RE HUNGATE: Isolation and characterization of Methanobacterium ruminantium n. Sp. In: Journal of bacteriology. Volume 75, Number 6, June 1958, pp. 713-718, PMID 13549377 , PMC 290140 (free full text).
  35. ^ F. Li, LL Guan: Metatranscriptomic Profiling Reveals Linkages between the Active Rumen Microbiome and Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Volume 83, number 9, 05 2017, p., Doi : 10.1128 / AEM.00061-17 , PMID 28235871 , PMC 5394315 (free full text).
  36. ↑ G. Borrel, K. Joblin, A. Guedon, J. Colombet, V. Tardy: Methanobacterium lacus sp. nov., isolated from the profundal sediment of a freshwater meromictic lake . In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY . tape 62 , Pt 7, July 1, 2012, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 1625-1629 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.034538-0 .
  37. ↑ K. Kitamura, T. Fujita, S. Akada, A. Tonouchi: Methanobacterium kanagiense sp. nov., a hydrogenotrophic methanogen, isolated from rice-field soil . In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY . tape 61 , no. 6 , June 1, 2011, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 1246–1252 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.026013-0 .
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  42. ↑ a b J. Zhu, X. Liu, X. Dong: Methanobacterium movens sp. nov. and Methanobacterium flexile sp. nov., isolated from lake sediment . In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY . tape 61 , no. 12 , December 1, 2011, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 2974-2978 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.027540-0 .
  43. ↑ S. Kotelnikova, AJL Macario, K. Pedersen: Methanobacterium subterraneum sp. nov., a new alkaliphilic, eurythermic and halotolerant methanogen isolated from deep granitic groundwater . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 48 , no. 2 , April 1, 1998, ISSN  0020-7713 , p. 357-367 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-48-2-357 .
  44. ↑ J. Schirmack, K. Mangelsdorf, L. Ganzert, W. Sand, A. Hillebrand-Voiculescu: Methanobacterium movilense sp. nov., a hydrogenotrophic, secondary-alcohol-utilizing methanogen from the anoxic sediment of a subsurface lake . In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY . tape 64 , Pt 2, February 1, 2014, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 522-527 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.057224-0 .
  45. ↑ V. Shcherbakova, E. Rivkina, p Pecheritsyna, K. Laurinavichius, N. Suzina: methanobacterium arcticum sp. nov., a methanogenic archaeon from Holocene Arctic permafrost . In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY . tape 61 , no. 1 , January 1, 2011, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 144-147 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.021311-0 .
  46. ↑ KV Krivushin, VA Shcherbakova, LE Petrovskaya, EM Rivkina: Methanobacterium veterum sp. nov., from ancient Siberian permafrost . In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY . tape 60 , no. 2 , February 1, 2010, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 455-459 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.011205-0 .
  47. ↑ H. Cadillo-Quiroz, SL Brauer, N. Goodson, JB Yavitt, SH Zinder: Methanobacterium paludis sp. nov. and a novel strain of Methanobacterium lacus isolated from northern peatlands . In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY . tape 64 , Pt 5, May 1, 2014, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 1473-1480 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.059964-0 .
  48. ↑ G. Zellner, K. Bleicher, E. Braun, H. Kneifel, BJ Tindall: Characterization of a new mesophilic, secondary alcohol-utilizing methanogen, Methanobacterium palustre spec. nov. from a peat bog . In: Archives of Microbiology . tape 151 , no. 1 , December 1988, ISSN  0302-8933 , p. 1-9 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00444660 .
  49. ↑ T. Kern, M. Linge, M. Rother: Methanobacterium aggregans sp. nov., a hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaeon isolated from an anaerobic digester. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 65, Pt 6 June 2015, pp. 1975-1980, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.000210 , PMID 25807978 .
  50. ↑ K. Ma, X. Liu, X. Dong: Methanobacterium beijingense sp. nov., a novel methanogen isolated from anaerobic digesters. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 55, Pt 1 January 2005, pp. 325-329, doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.63254-0 , PMID 15653895 .
  51. ↑ N. Cuzin, AS Ouattara, M. Labat, JL Garcia: Methanobacterium congolense sp. nov., from a methanogenic fermentation of cassava peel. In: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Volume 51, Pt 2 March 2001, pp. 489-493, doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-51-2-489 , PMID 11321095 .
  52. ^ MP Bryant, DR Boone: Isolation and Characterization of Methanobacterium formicicum MF . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 37 , no. 2 , April 1, 1987, ISSN  0020-7713 , pp. 171-171 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-37-2-171 .
  53. ↑ GB Patel, GD Sprott, JE Fein: Isolation and Characterization of Methanobacterium espanolae sp. nov., a Mesophilic, Moderately Acidiphilic Methanogen . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 40 , no. 1 , January 1, 1990, ISSN  0020-7713 , pp. 12-18 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-40-1-12 .
  54. ↑ a b K. Mori, S. Harayama: Methanobacterium petrolearium sp. nov. and Methanobacterium ferruginis sp. nov., mesophilic methanogens isolated from salty environments . In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY . tape 61 , no. 1 , January 1, 2011, ISSN  1466-5026 , p. 138-143 , doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.022723-0 .
  55. ↑ a b H. A. Barker: Studies upon the methane fermentation. IV. The isolation and culture of Methanobacterium Omelianskii . In: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . tape 6 , no. 1 , December 1939, ISSN  0003-6072 , p. 201-220 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02146187 .
  56. ↑ a b Candice L. Swift, Jennifer L. Brown, Susanna Seppälä, Michelle A. O'Malley: Co-cultivation of the anaerobic fungus Anaeromyces robustus with Methanobacterium bryantii enhances transcription of carbohydrate active enzymes . In: Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology . May 14, 2019, ISSN  1476-5535 , doi : 10.1007 / s10295-019-02188-0 , PMID 31089985 .
  57. ↑ Guillaume Borrel, Panagiotis S. Adam, Simonetta Gribaldo: Methanogenesis and the Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway: An Ancient, Versatile, and Fragile Association . In: Genome Biology and Evolution . tape 8 , no. 6 , June 2016, ISSN  1759-6653 , p. 1706–1711 , doi : 10.1093 / gbe / evw114 , PMID 27189979 , PMC 4943185 (free full text).
  58. ↑ a b c d X. Chen, LD Ottosen, MV Kofoed: How Low Can You Go: Methane Production of at Low CO2 Concentrations. In: Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology. Volume 7, 2019, p. 34, doi : 10.3389 / fbioe.2019.00034 , PMID 30899758 , PMC 6416169 (free full text).
  59. ↑ Laura Mia Agneessens, Lars Ditlev Mørck Ottosen, Niels Vinther Voigt, Jeppe Lund Nielsen, Nadieh de Jonge: In-situ biogas upgrading with pulse H 2 additions: The relevance of methanogen adaption and inorganic carbon level . In: Bioresource Technology . tape 233 , June 2017, p. 256-263 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biortech.2017.02.016 , PMID 28285216 .