Mieczysław Mąkosza

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Mieczysław Mąkosza (born November 16, 1934 in Baranavichy ) is a chemist from Belarus. He specializes in organic synthesis and the study of reaction mechanisms. The retired professor is best known for his work on phase transfer catalysis and nucleophilic substitution on the aromatic ring .

biography

Mąkosza studied chemistry first at the Southern Federal University in Southern Russia and later at St. Petersburg University . In 1956 he graduated with honors. He then worked at the Institute for Chemistry at the Warsaw University of Technology (TU Warsaw). There he received his doctorate in 1963 and completed his habilitation in 1967. In 1971 he did research at the Institute of Chemistry at Iowa State University in Ames . From 1975 to 1977 he was head of the Institute for Organic Chemistry at the Technical University of Warsaw. From 1979 to 2004 he was the director of the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and is still a member there. Since 1997 he has been editor of the Polish Journal of Chemistry and since 2003 co-editor of Synthetic Communications .

plant

Through his research, Mieczysław Mąkosza is a pioneer in the field of phase transfer catalysis . In 1960 he discovered a reaction that corresponds to the principle of phase transfer catalysis and made it public in 1965. A few years later he announced that in addition to quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts , crown ethers could also be used as catalysts for this synthesis. In 1978 he expanded the series of reactions according to phase transfer catalysis to include systems with a solid and a liquid phase . The simple methodology of phase transfer catalysis replaced other methods that were often more dangerous and expensive and also achieved even lower yields. In 1973 he presented a reaction mechanism that could represent the process of phase transfer catalysis. This reaction mechanism has been studied and confirmed by researchers from around the world.

Mąkosza later made significant contributions in the field of nucleophilic aromatic substitution and particularly in the field of vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS).

Mąkosza has published over 300 research papers and is the owner or co-owner of over 70 patents.

Phase transfer catalysis

Mąkosza achieved one of the first phase-transfer catalysis with the alkylation of phenylacetonitriles . He did this with the help of an alkyl chloride in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and the use of a quaternary ammonium salt as a catalyst.

Phase transfer catalysis phenylacetonitrile V1.svg

Representative nucleophilic substitution

With the help of representative nucleophilic substitution (VNS), hydrogen can be replaced in nitro and heteroaromatic compounds. This is done with the use of carbanions , which have a leaving group at the nucleophilic center. Usually nitrobenzene is meta- directing, but in this method the ortho or para position is preferred by the second substituent. A vicarious nucleophilic substitution that Mąkosza performed during his research is the following. Nitrobenzene reacts with chloromethylphenyl sulfone with the aid of potassium hydroxide as the base and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent to form a nitrobenzene derivative substituted in the para or ortho position.

Deputy nucleophilic substitution ÜV7.svg

Awards and honors

Honorary doctorate :

Scientific awards:

  • 1978: Stanisława Kostaneckiego Medal from the Polish Chemistry Society
  • 1987: Jurzykowski Foundation Award (USA)
  • 1988: State Prize of the USSR
  • 1994: Honorary Member of the Japanese Society for the Advancement of Science
  • 1996: Humboldt Prize from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
  • 1997: Jędrzeja Śniadeckiego Medal from the Polish Chemistry Society
  • 1997: Honorary membership of the Florida Heterocyclic Association
  • 2012: FNP Prize (Foundation for Polish Science)

He was also nominated for the Nobel Prize several times .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Marek Chmielewski, Janusz Jurczak: A Tribute to Prof. Mieczyslaw Makosza. Commerative Issue in Honor of Prof. Mieczyslaw Makosza on the occasion of his 70th anniversary . tape 2004 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 1-4 , doi : 10.3998 / ark.5550190.0005.301 .
  2. ↑ Mieczysław Mąkosza *, Krzysztof Wojciechowski: Nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in Heterocyclic Chemistry . In: Chemical Reviews . tape 104 , no. 5 , 2004, p. 2631-2666 , doi : 10.1021 / cr020086 + .
  3. ↑ Mieczyslaw Makosza Jerzy Winiarski: Vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen . In: Accounts of Chemical Research . tape 20 , no. 8 , 1987, pp. 282-289 , doi : 10.1021 / ar00140a003 .
  4. ↑ a b Article on Mąkosza awarding the prize , accessed on January 14, 2019.
  5. Jump up ↑ Mieczysław Ma̧kosza, Maciej Białecki: Nitroarylamines via the Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen: Amination, Alkylamination, and Arylamination of Nitroarenes with Sulfenamides . In: The Journal of Organic Chemistry . tape 63 , no. 15 , 1998, pp. 4878-4888 , doi : 10.1021 / jo970582b .
  6. ↑ Article on vicarious nucleophilic substitution , accessed January 15, 2019.
  7. ↑ Alfred Hassner, Irishi Namboothiri: Organic Synthesis Based on Name Reactions , 3rd edition, 2012, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-08-096630-4 , pp 298-299.
  8. ↑ Honorary doctorate from the Silesian Technical University , accessed on January 14, 2019.
  9. ↑ Award of the honorary doctorate , accessed on January 14, 2019.
  10. ↑ Mieczysława Mąkoszy's biography on the website of the Polish Chemical Society in Lodz.
personal data
SURNAME Mąkosza, Mieczysław
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Chemist
DATE OF BIRTH November 16, 1934
PLACE OF BIRTH Baranavichy