Misrachi house

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Misrachi House 2007

The Misrachi-Haus ( Inner City, 1st District , Judenplatz No. 8) is part of an ensemble to commemorate the history of the Jews in Vienna . Behind its baroque facade is a house built in the 12th century in the medieval Jewish town. The history of the house is representative of the history of the quarter from the settlement and expulsion of Jews in the Middle Ages over centuries of civil and aristocratic use to the life of the Jewish community in Vienna since the 19th century.

Today the Misrachi House houses a branch of the Jewish Museum as well as the youth center and the synagogue of the Misrachi community.

middle Ages

1909 created plan of the Viennese Jewish quarter in the inner city at the time of the abolition in the year 1421. The property marked with 343 is the property of the today's Mirachi house. Until 1436, areas 343 and 349 were not a separate parcel. The medieval synagogue is not shown on the plan. It was located on the eastern part of today's Judenplatz (still shown as a schoolyard in the plan).

In the middle of the 12th century, Vienna became the residence of the Babenberg dukes , whose castle was built not far from Judenplatz. This triggered a building boom. From this point on, the as yet undeveloped land inside and immediately outside the city wall was gradually divided up and developed.

In the Middle Ages, today's house at Judenplatz No. 8 and the eastern half of today's house at Wipplingerstraße No. 15 formed a parcel (see the areas marked 343 and 349 in the 1909 plan). The layout of this parcel goes back to the medieval development of the site, but was heavily influenced by the remains of barracks walls from Roman times . The plot marked 343/349 was built on during the 12th century. After the synagogue was built in the middle of the 13th century and from then on represented the new center of the district, the southern part of the plot (i.e. area 343) was probably massively expanded.

The building on the parcel was first mentioned in a document in 1294. Further documentary mentions come from the years 1379 and 1381. The documentary mentions prove that the property was in Jewish possession. To the east of it was the Jewish town hospital and, separated by the school yard, the synagogue. The school yard encompassed the north-western part of today's Judenplatz. The synagogue was east of it on the area of ​​today's Judenplatz.

During the pogrom of 1421 ( Wiener Gesera ), in which the Viennese Jews were expelled and murdered, the houses of the Jewish quarter, including the parcel 343/349 with its buildings, were confiscated by Duke Albrecht V. In 1424 the mayor and the council of the city of Vienna sold the plot together with the hospital property next to it for 500 pounds Viennese pfennigs to a citizen of the city of Vienna. The southern part of the property (area 343) was sold in 1436, creating the plot of today's Misrachi house.

On the ground and first floors of the current building, considerable parts of the medieval masonry from the 13th or 14th century have been preserved to this day. The south wing of today's building goes back to a three-story house or part of a house, the gable facing the school yard. At the western, northern and eastern borders of the property, medieval walls up to 9 m above today's courtyard level have been identified.

Renaissance and early modern times

In 1509 the Gothic roof structure and the wooden beam ceilings were apparently destroyed by fire. From then on, the house was referred to in the land registers as “fire place”, although parts of it were still inhabited. From 1528 the house was rebuilt in two or three consecutive construction phases. A basement as well as cross ridge and barrel vaults as well as numerous arched openings were added. The building was now arranged around an inner courtyard and had an appearance characteristic of the Renaissance .

Parts of the building have also been preserved from this phase, including a walled-up window and a foundation under the northern courtyard facade, an entirely preserved vault and fragments of a high-quality tiled stove with pictorial representations.

17th to 19th century

In 1694, Maria Anna Countess zu Zeyhl bought the house. The building was now in noble hands. It was probably extensively rebuilt as a result of this sale. The baroque façade of the square, building height and roof profile that exist today come from this time. Almost all rooms on the ground floor were newly vaulted and the floor level was raised. The house was raised to two high upper floors and a lower attic.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the building was again heavily rebuilt. The stairwell was extended and designed with pilasters . Suspended domes replaced the previous groin vaults. In the alleged kitchen wing, some windows were walled up, which made the rooms dark and unattractive. The southern inner courtyard was built over, creating a passage area from the west to the east wing of the house. Around 1860 the house was connected to the municipal sewer .

In 1862 Anna Mandeles acquired the house, which was the first time since 1421 that it came back into permanent Jewish possession. The new house owner had the rooms on the ground floor gradually converted into stores and business premises. Previously open areas have been closed and most likely rented out.

20th century until today

Judenplatz with Misrachi house (set back house to the right of the center of the picture) 1967

In 1907 the house became the property of the Mandeles Family Foundation. In the course of this change in use, the “Neues Leben” restaurant was set up on the ground floor and a freight elevator was installed from the ground floor to the basement.

In 1939 the property was transferred to a “General Foundation for Jewish Welfare”, which operated a feeder for the poor in the rooms on the ground floor . In 1942 the house was Aryanized . Air raids were installed during the Second World War . The cellars and cellars were connected with those of the neighboring houses and a long underground corridor was built under the square and under parts of the late medieval synagogue to the cellar in front of the house at No. 10 Judenplatz.

In 1950, the Restitution Commission at the Regional Court for Civil Law Matters in Vienna awarded the house of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Vienna . The inside of the house was heavily rebuilt and the rooms were newly divided. In 1965 it came into the possession of the association “ Thoratreue Zionisten des Misrachi and Hapoel Hamisrachi , Regional Association Austria”, which set up a prayer room on the first floor and used the house for club activities. Since 1971 the house at No. 8 Judenplatz has been called the Misrachi House.

Misrachi House, entrance to the Jewish Museum on Judenplatz

From November 1996 to summer 1999 the Misrachi house was examined from an architectural perspective. The archaeological team of Stadtarchäologie Wien ( Magistrate of the City of Vienna - Culture Business Group) had the task of researching and documenting the property before it was to be converted for the establishment of the Jewish Museum . As part of the investigation, the building was measured in detail, photographed and recorded in drawings. Wooden parts were dated using dendrochronology . The found ceramics, glass and coins were analyzed. At the same time, all available written and visual sources were compiled and evaluated. The historical building investigation showed, among other things, that parts of the building date from the 12th century. Previously, the year of construction of the building was assumed to be 1682.

The Misrachi house was renovated and refurbished by architect Hans-Peter Wildom from 1999 to 2001, with delays and increases in price due to the poor building fabric. The renovation costs ultimately amounted to 40 million schillings . A considerable part of the historical building fabric could be preserved. Hans-Peter Wildom was awarded a special prize by the Vienna Chamber of Commerce for the renovation of the city.

A branch of the Jewish Museum is now housed on the ground floor and the basement of the house, which shows an exhibition on medieval Judaism. From there, the excavations of the medieval synagogue are accessible via an underground corridor. The youth center and the synagogue of the Misrachi community in Vienna are on the first and second floors. The Jewish Museum's office and archive rooms are located on the third floor. There are apartments in the attic.

Memorial plaque on the Misrachi house

On April 19, 2001, a memorial plaque was unveiled at the Misrachi House on the occasion of the Holocaust Remembrance Day . The plaque shows the following text in German and Hebrew:

Thanks and appreciation to the Righteous Among the Nations who, during the years of the Shoah, committed their lives to helping Jews to escape the stalking of the Nazi thugs and thus to survive.
The Jewish Communities of Austria
Vienna, April 2001

The uncovered remains of the medieval synagogue, the Holocaust memorial and the Misrachi house now form a “unit of remembrance” at a central location in downtown Vienna.

literature

  • Felix Czeike (Ed.): Historisches Lexikon Wien. Volume 6: supplementary volume . Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-218-00740-2 , p. 135.
  • Michaela Feurstein; Gerhard Milchram: Jewish Vienna: city walks . Vienna: Böhlau, 2001, p. 43f
  • Ingeborg Gaisbauer: Medieval and modern ceramics from Vienna 1, Judenplatz 8 . Location Vienna: Reports on Archeology Volume 6. Vienna: Stadtarchäologie Wien, 2003, pp. 140–175 ISSN 1561-4891
  • Judenplatz Vienna 1996: Competition, memorial and memorial for the Jewish victims of the Nazi regime in Austria 1938–1945 . Folio Verlag, Vienna 1996, ISBN 3852560462
  • Gerhard Milchram: Judenplatz: place of remembrance . Pichler Verlag, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3854312172
  • Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachihaus. A house in the Jewish town over the centuries. In: Gerhard Milchram (ed.): About the Middle Ages. (= Vienna Yearbook for Jewish History, Culture & Museums. Volume 4). Folio, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-85256-122-1 , pp. 111-122.
  • Paul Mitchell: On the continuity issue in Vienna based on the latest findings. From the excavation at Judenplatz and other sites. In: Sabine Felgenhauer-Schmiedt, Alexandrine Eibner, Herbert Knittler (eds.) Contributions to medieval archeology in Austria. Volume 17, 2001, pp. 205-214.
  • Paul Mitchell: Synagogue and Jewish Quarter in Medieval Vienna , in: Fritz Backhaus, Egon Wamers (ed.): Synagogen, Mikwen, Siedlungen. Jewish everyday life in the light of new archaeological finds , writings of the Archaeological Museum Frankfurt 19, Frankfurt 2004, pp. 139–150
  • Doris Schön: Of late medieval walls, Renaissance windows and baroque floors. Building research in Haus Wien 1, Judenplatz 8, Findort Wien 6 , 2003, pp. 96-139
  • I. Schwarz: The Vienna Ghetto. Its houses and its people . Sources and research on the history of the Jews in German-Austria, vol. II. Vienna-Leipzig, 1909
  • Mechtild Widrich: The Willed and the Unwilled Monument. Judenplatz Vienna and Riegl's Monument Preservation . In: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, September 2013, pp. 382-398
  • Simon Wiesenthal (Ed.): Project: Judenplatz Wien . Zsolnay Verlag, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3552049827

Web links

Commons : Museum Judenplatz Wien  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Paul Mitchell: On the question of continuity in Vienna based on the latest findings. 2001, p. 212.
  2. ^ A b Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachihaus. 2000, p. 112.
  3. ^ Paul Mitchell: On the question of continuity in Vienna based on the latest findings. 2001, p. 210.
  4. ↑ Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachi house. 2000, p. 116.
  5. ^ A b Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachihaus. 2000, p. 113.
  6. ↑ Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachi house. 2000, pp. 114-116.
  7. ↑ Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachi house. 2000, p. 117.
  8. ↑ Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachi house. 2000, p. 118.
  9. ↑ Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachi house. 2000, pp. 118-119.
  10. ↑ Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachi house. 2000, pp. 119-120.
  11. ^ A b c Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: For building research in the Misrachihaus. 2000, p. 120.
  12. ↑ Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachi house. 2000, p. 121.
  13. ↑ Reinhard Pohanka: "... no seat, house, nor branch ...". The Judenplatz in Vienna. A story. In: Simon Wiesenthal (Ed.): Project: Judenplatz Wien. For the construction of memory. Zsolnay, Vienna 2000, ISBN 3-552-04982-7 , p. 128.
  14. ↑ Paul Mitchell, Doris Schön: On building research in the Misrachi house. 2000, pp. 111-112.
  15. ^ Felix Czeike (Ed.): Historisches Lexikon Wien. Volume 3, Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-218-00740-2 , p. 393.
  16. ↑ Misrachi House handed over, Judenplatz project completed . In: derStandard.at . February 1, 2001 ( derstandard.at [accessed October 22, 2017]).
  17. ↑ a b Misrachi House: Special price for successful renovation . In: derStandard.at . May 31, 2001 ( derstandard.at [accessed October 22, 2017]).
  18. ↑ Irene Messinger: Gedenken und Mahnen / Vienna I (Judenplatz, Misrachi House). In: www.nachkriegsjustiz.at. Retrieved October 29, 2017 .
  19. ^ Unity of commemoration - unveiling of memorials and museum opening in Vienna. In: BauNetz. October 24, 2000, accessed October 22, 2017 .

Coordinates: 48 ° 12 ′ 42.8 "  N , 16 ° 22 ′ 9.4"  E