Miwang Pholhane Sonam Tobgye
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Tibetan script :
མི་ དབང་ ཕོ་ ལྷ་ ནས་ བསོད་ ནམས་ སྟོབས་ རྒྱས་
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Wylie transliteration : mi dbang pho lha nas bsod nams stobs rgyas
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Official transcription of the PRCh : Miwang Polhanai Soinam Dobgyai
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THDL transcription : Miwang Polhané Sönam Tobgyé
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Other spellings: Miwang Pholhane Sönam Tobgye,
Pho-lha-nas, Sonam Topgye, Gyalpo Miwang, Phola Tedji, Pho-lha The-je |
| Chinese name |
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Traditional :
頗 羅 鼐
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Simplified :
颇 罗 鼐
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Pinyin : Pōluónài
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Miwang Pholhane Sönam Tobgye (* 1689 in Pholha; † March 12, 1747 ), commonly known as Pholhane ("the one of the Pholha"), ruled between 1728 and 1747 practically as the "King of Tibet". Pholhane was a skilful politician, battle-hardened warrior and brilliant general.
He was the most important political figure in Tibet in the first half of the 18th century. Under him, after the restless years of the rule of Lhabzang Khan, after the bloody invasion of the Djungars and the civil war, there was a relatively long period of stability and internal and external peace in Tibet.
origin
Pholhane was born in 1689 as the son of General Pema Gyelpo (tib .: pad ma rgyal po ) and his wife Drölma Buthri (tib .: sgrol ma bu khrid ) in Pholha (tib .: pho lha ). His father, a battle-hardened warrior, had already taken part in the war against Ladakh in 1679–1684. He later took part in battles against Bhutan and Nepal .
Its ancestors were local administrators in Tsang (Tib .: gtsang ) in the middle of the 17th century . Asum (Tib .: a gsum ), Pholhane's grandfather, had been given the Pholha estate south of Gyangzê by the Qoshoten King Dalai Khan for his services .
Sonam Tobgye grew up here. Already at a young age he was religiously connected to the Mindrölling Monastery , which belonged to the Nyingma School.
Career under Lhabsang Khan (1707-1717)
Shortly after his marriage in 1707, Pholhane traveled to Lhasa , where he was introduced to the ruler Lhabzang Khan. Lhabzang Khan confirms the possession of the goods Pholhane inherited from his late father.
Pholhane began a typical civil servant career with training in the Ministry of Finance (Tib .: rtsis khang ) in Lhasa. After a few years he took over the office of district judge in Gyangzê.
In 1714 he was given his first military duties. He successfully led an entire military division in the war against Bhutan. After the Djungarian invasion of Tibet, he was instrumental in the organization of the Tibetan defense lines and also took part in the defense of the city of Lhasa.
Resistance to the Djungarian rule (1717-1720)
After the city of Lhasa fell into the hands of the Djungars through betrayal from within the defenders' own ranks, Pholhane was initially able to take refuge in Drepung Monastery .
In the months that followed, the Djungars tried to eliminate the former supporters of Lhabzang Khan. Pholhane was arrested and driven naked through Lhasa with lashes. Ultimately, he was jailed after being whipped with 15 lashes.
Here Pholhane could only survive with the help of old friends who provided him with food. After Tagtsepa (Tib .: stag rtse pa ), the Tibetan leader of the new Tibetan government formed under the Djungars, intervened, Pholhane was released from prison and was able to return to Tsang.
Here he organized with Khangchenne Sönam Gyelpo (Tib .: khang chen nas bsod nams rgyal po ), who had still been installed as governor of Ngari by Lhabzang Khan and who continued to rule Ngari unmolested by the Djungars, the resistance against the Djungars until the great army of the Chinese Emperor Kangxi arrived in Lhasa in September 1720.
Active in the Council of Ministers from 1721 to 1727
Immediately after their invasion of Lhasa, the representatives of the Manchu-Chinese Qing dynasty organized a kind of provisional military government led by General Yansin. After the withdrawal of the imperial army, a garrison of 3,000 men remained in Lhasa. This was dissolved in 1723. An Amban remained in Lhasa as a representative of the Chinese imperial court as an advisor to the Tibetan government.
The provisional military government of the imperial court was replaced in 1721 by a three-person council of ministers under the leadership of Khangchenne, who retained power over Ngari. The other two ministers were Ngaphöpa Dorje Gyelpo (tib .: nga phod pa rdo rje rgyal po ;? –1728) and Lumpane Trashi Gyelpo (tib .: lum pa nas bkra shis rgyal po ;? –1728). Pholhane was appointed personal adjutant by Khanchenne and was given control of Tsang Province.
In 1723 Pholhane and Charaba Lodrö Gyelpo (tib .: sbyar ra ba blo gros rgyal po ) were appointed regular members of the Council of Ministers, so that it now consisted of 5 members.
The basic principle of this new administration of Tibet was that the members of the government, as princes of the regions under their control ( Ü , Kongpo , Tsang and Ngari) each had their own power base with their own military potential and their own sources of income. This weakened Tibet's position of power externally, but it harbored considerable internal dangers if the leaders involved did not harmonize with one another.
Indeed, there was great dissent between the members of the Council of Ministers from the start. The tension eventually led to the murder of Khangchenne in 1727. Pholhane was spared this fate only through his accidental absence in Lhasa.
The civil war of 1727 and 1728
Immediately after the murder of Khangchenes, Ngaphöpa, Lumpane and Charaba took power in Lhasa, supported by Sonam Dargye (Tib .: bsod nams dar rgyas ), the father of the 7th Dalai Lama. They mobilized the troops of the provinces under them, mainly from Kongpo and Ü, and made an attempt to arrest Pholhane by sending a troop of 300 soldiers, which failed, however.
Thereupon this group assembled troops from Tsang province. He allied himself with Khangchenne's brother Gashiba Tsheten Trashi (Tib .: dga 'bzhi ba tshe brtan bkra shis ), to whom the government of Ngari was transferred in 1725 at the request of Khangchenne. At the same time he hurriedly sent ambassadors to China with a request for help.
After half a year of fighting for Gyangzê, Ngaphöpa was defeated. Pholhane advanced against Lhasa with an army of 9,000 soldiers, occupied the city and besieged the Potala Palace , where his opponents and the Chinese Ambane had taken refuge. While the Dalai Lama was permitted to take refuge in Drepung Monastery, Pholhane's opponents were captured on July 5, 1728. Immediately afterwards Pholhane announced his victory to the Chinese Emperor Yongzheng .
When the dispatched imperial troops arrived in Lhasa on September 4, 1728, the civil war was already completely decided (1728).
One of the main tasks of the Chinese who entered the country was to try those who caused the civil war. In a public execution organized by the Chinese, Ngaphöpa and Lumpane were executed by dismemberment, two clergymen were hanged and 13 other convicts were beheaded. Subsequently, all of the convict's close relatives, including young children, were also executed.
Government 1729–1735
At first, Beijing interfered heavily in the organization of the civil and military administration of Tibet. Pholhane was again given control of Tsang. Two other ministers, namely Sicö Tsheten (Tib .: srid gcod tshe brtan ) and Tshering Wanggyel (Tib .: tshe ring dbang rgyal ) were appointed to administer Lhasa and Ü. But they were completely under the authority of Pholhane.
Pholhanes government were two permanent representatives Manchu - China , the Ambane added.
The Penchen Lama Lobsang Yeshe (d. 1737) was offered greater competencies, which made him de facto sovereign in the west of Tsang.
The borders in Eastern Tibet (1724 Amdo , 1727 Kham ) were greatly shifted and Lhasa was permanently occupied by imperial troops (initially 2,000 men in support of the Ambane).
Under the pretext to go on a trip to Beijing, which was the seventh Dalai Lama for six years after Garthar (Tib .: MGAR thar ) near Lithang brought into exile (1728-1735). The main reason for this was that his father Sonam Dargye had played a not insignificant role in the previous intrigues against Pholhane and should be kept away from the government. Another reason is said to have been the threat to his security from the Djungars.
Pholhane as administrator and king (1735–1747)
In the course of time Pholhane acted more and more independently and for some time represented a kind of king (1731 and 1739 honorary title from the emperor), who only made the protectorate of Manchu-China appear as a formality. At the same time, however, his policy was geared towards taking full account of the interests of the great power China and the Chinese imperial court.
Since his reliability and loyalty to the Chinese imperial family could not be questioned, the imperial troops stationed in Lhasa were reduced to 500 men in 1733.
At the same time Pholhane set up a professional army consisting of 15,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry . He had the borders guarded and secured, barracks built that were spread all over the country, and in 1729 also organized his own postal system that ensured the official transmission of communications from Ngari to Lhasa and from Lhasa to eastern Tibet. This postal system was organized according to the Chinese model and, particularly in Eastern Tibet, replaced the system of transmission of messages that the Chinese had organized after their invasion of Tibet in 1720. During Pholhane's reign, the Chinese officials in Lhasa also used this postal system for their communication with the Chinese imperial court.
Pholhane's reign is considered peaceful, stable, and prosperous.
Succession
After Pholhane's death in 1747, the Chinese emperor confirmed his second son Gyurme Namgyel (Tib .: 'gyur med rnam rgyal ) as his successor. Gyurme Namgyel was murdered by the two Ambans in 1750. Afterwards, under the leadership of Lobsang Trashi , the steward of Gyurme Namgyel, there was unrest among the population and imperial troops moved in again, whereupon the 7th Dalai Lama himself took over the government.
literature
- Luciano Petech: China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century. History of the Establishment of Chinese Protecturate in Tibet. Leiden 1972.
- Luciano Petech: Aristocracy and Government in Tibet. 1728-1959 . Roma 1973.
- Roland Barraux: The Story of the Dalai Lamas - Divine Compassion and Earthly Politics. Düsseldorf 1995.
- K. Kollmar-Paulenz: Small history of Tibet. Munich 2006.
- Chen Qingying : Series of Basic Information of Tibet of China: Tibetan History . China Intercontinental Press, 2003, ISBN 7-5085-0234-5 (German: ISBN 7-5085-0436-4 )
See also
Web links
Footnotes
- ↑ The assessments differ as to whether they now had to approve his orders or merely had observer status in the government.
| personal data | |
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| SURNAME | Pholhane, Miwang Sonam Tobgye |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Pho-lha-nas; Sonam Topgyel; Gyalpo Miwang; Phola Tedji; Pho-lha The-je |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | King of Tibet |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1689 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Pholha |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 12, 1747 |