Wild carrot
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Wild carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Carota ) |
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| Daucus carota subsp. carota | ||||||||||||
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The wild carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Carota ) native to Central Europe is one of the parents of the garden carrot . The garden carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Sativa ) is probably a cross product of the wild carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. Carota ), the southern European Daucus carota subsp. maximus and possibly the oriental Daucus carota subsp. afghanicus . It belongs to the umbelliferae family (Apiaceae). In contrast to the garden carrot, the storage root of the wild carrot is pale. Theophrastus of Eresos already referred to the carrot and other umbelliferae with a spicy smell with δαϋκος (= dahkos, Greek). The Latin word carota can already be found in the ancient cookbook De re coquinaria from the 4th century AD for the carrot.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The wild carrot is a biennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 120 cm.
The wild carrot is deep-rooted (up to 80 cm deep). The woody beet root emerged from the thickened main root and the hypocotyl . It consists of an inner marrow with conductive tissue and an outer, delicate part with storage tissue. The lateral roots soon fall off and leave scars (cross-grooves). In contrast to the carrot, the edible root does not have a yellowish or orange color. This is mainly due to the low carotenes content .
The stem has bristle hairs. The leaves are pinnate two to four times. In addition to the leaves of the cultivated forms of the carrot, they are the most important naturally occurring food source for the swallowtail caterpillar , which also likes to pupate on the stem.
Generative characteristics
The multi-rayed, double-golden inflorescence is flatly arched when fully open, while the umbel rays are inclined like a bird's nest when they open and when the fruit is ripe. In the middle of the umbellate there is often a (rarely a few) black-purple colored, sterile "carrot". The bracts are tripartite or pinnate.
The double achenae disintegrate into two slightly prickly, bristly-hairy partial fruits, which are Velcro fruits. The fruit ripens between July and September. Meanwhile, the umbel stalks remain permanently curved inwards ("bird's nest shape"). When ripe and dead, the umbel stalks are hygroscopically mobile, i. H. the umbels are spread apart when it is dry and contracted as a bird's nest when it is damp. As a so-called winter stand, the above-ground shoot remains visible even after the vegetation period. The elongated fruit disintegrates into two partial fruits, each with four rows of spines.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.
Flower ecology
The flowers are nectar-bearing disc flowers of the Heracleum type and are in a compound umbel. In contrast to other similar umbelliferae, the bracts are large and delicate. The umbel stalks curve inwards at night ( nyctinasty ) and form a bird's nest-like to almost spherical structure. The female carrot, which mostly appears in the middle of the umbel and is colored black and red by anthocyanins, forms a contrasting color to the white hermaphrodite flowers, which has a signaling effect on potential pollinators. Pollinators are all kinds of insects, especially beetles and flies. The flowers are a major source of pollen for the sand bees Andrena pallitaris and Andrena nitidiuscula . The flowering period extends from May to September.
Occurrence
The wild carrot is native to Europe , North Africa , Macaronesia, West and Central Asia and the Caucasus. In many other areas of the world she was able to gain a foothold as a neophyte . It thrives in sub-oceanic to subcontinental, subtropical to north temperate climatic zones , mainly in the planar to colline altitudes (flat and hill country).
The wild carrot has its main occurrence in nutrient-rich herbaceous and perennial weed meadows, semi-ruderal couch grass in dry and warm locations. Fresh meadows and pastures are also among the often populated locations. It mainly thrives in the open, but also in the forest. You can often find them on ruderal areas . The “cultural dependency” of anthropogenically influenced ecosystems is given for the wild carrot with the following hemerobic levels according to Kunick 1974: 3 (mesohemerobic = moderate human influence) to 5 (alpha-euhemerobic = strong human influence).
The wild carrot is a plant-sociological characteristic of the association Dauco-Melilotion Görs 1966. It occurs in the following plant communities : Order Thlaspietalia rotundifolii Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926, order Origanetalia vulgaris Th. Müll. 1961, Association Arrhenatheretum Scherr. 1925 (non Br.-Bl. 1915, Dauco-Arrhenatheretum Görs 1966), Association Mesobromion erecti Br.-Bl. et Moor 1938 em. Oberd. 1957.
Common names
- Calf shit ( Thuringian Vogtland )
swell
- She Menglan, Mark F. Watson: Daucus. In: Flora of China. Volume 14, p. 205. Daucus carota subsp. carota - online. (Section Distribution and Description)
- Wild carrot. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Wild carrot from the plants of the Capitulare de Villis. at: Freundeskreis Botanischer Garten Aachen e. V.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Wild carrot from The Plants of the Capitulare de Villis at the Freundeskreis Botanischer Garten Aachen e. V.
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
- ↑ a b c d e f g Wild carrot. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ↑ Daucus carota subsp. carota at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 164ff.
- ↑ Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Hagebutte & Co. Fauna-Verlag, Nottuln2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 , pp. 274f.
- ^ Daucus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
