Monopteros (temple)
A Monopteros ( Greek ὁ μονόπτερος , from μόνος , monos "only, only, alone", and πτερόν , pteron "wing"; plural technical terms Monopteroi , German also Monoptera ) is a round building with columns , which according to modern usage in contrast to Tholos none Cella - a closed interior - possesses. In Greek and especially Roman antiquity , the term could also be used for the tholos.
Antiquity
In ancient times, monopteroi served as a kind of canopy for a cult image. An example of this is the monument to Lysicrates in Athens , although the spaces between the pillars were walled up in ancient times. The temple of the Roma and Augustus on the Athens Acropolis is a monopteros from Roman times with free spaces between columns.
Modern times
In the Baroque and Classicism periods , the Monopteros was a popular tree motif in French and English gardens as a temple of the Muses . The Monopteros is also represented in the German park landscape, although sometimes it only has four to eight columns. Higher column numbers are a little less common. The Monopteros in the English Garden in Munich and a temple in Hayns Park in Hamburg-Eppendorf are well-known examples. Some fountains in parks and spas have the appearance of a monopteros. Some Monopteroi are provided with staffage structures such as a portico that were placed in front of the Monopteros. These, in turn, only have a creative function, since their presence is not absolutely necessary in order to gain access to the temple, which is open from all sides.
Many monopteros is because of its circular ground plan as a rotunda called. It should be noted, however, that some Monopteroi have square and polygonal ground plans, which are therefore not to be called rotundas. Examples are the temple of the muses with the muse Kalliope in the park Schloss Tiefurt , which has a hexagonal floor plan, and the amort temple on a square floor plan in the garden of the pleasure palace Scharnhausen .
Views
“Temple of the Sun” in the Bayreuth Hofgarten
Monopteros in the garden of Pöckstein Castle in Strasbourg (Carinthia)
Monopteros in the English Garden in Munich
Lifting temple in the baroque part of the Neustrelitz castle park
Well temple in the spa gardens of Bad Vilbel
Monopteros in the castle park (today city park) in Teublitz
Monopteros in the Hohenheim Gardens of the University of Hohenheim , built in 2001
Monopteros in the park of Höhenried Castle on Lake Starnberg
Monopteros in Büsing Park in Offenbach am Main
Monopteros in Winterbach , built in 2019
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literature
- Wolfgang Binder: The Roma Augustus Monopteros on the Acropolis in Athens and its typological site . Karlsruhe 1969, (Karlsruhe, University, dissertation from February 17, 1967).
- Ingrid Weibezahn: History and Function of the Monopteros. Investigations into a building type of the late baroque and classicism (= studies on art history. 3). Olms, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-487-05764-6 (also: Göttingen, Universität, Dissertation, 1975; Google Books ).
