Moshe Sharet

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Moshe Sharet (1948)

Moshe Sharet ( Hebrew משה שרת; Born on October 15, 1894 in Cherson , Russian Empire , today Ukraine , as Moshe Tschertok ( Russian Моше Черток ), after 1910 simplified to Shertok ( Hebrew שרתוק); died July 7, 1965 in Jerusalem ) was an Israeli politician. Between two terms of office of David Ben-Gurion , Sharet was Israel's second prime minister between 1953 and 1955 and the first Israeli foreign minister until his resignation in 1956.

Life

1894–1918: Ukraine, immigration to Eretz Israel, soldier in the German-Turkish army

Sharet was born in Ukraine, which was then part of the Russian Empire. His family emigrated to Palestine in 1906 . There she was one of the founders of the city of Tel Aviv in 1908 . Moshe Sharet was in the first senior year of the country's first Hebrew grammar school (the Herzliya grammar school ). He spoke fluent Arabic and Turkish and studied law in Constantinople . Sharet signed up for service in the German-Turkish army in 1916 and served on the Macedonia and Palestine fronts . After attending staff training courses, he was assigned to the command of Lieutenant Colonel Rudolf Schierholz and his personal interpreter in Macedonia. Schierholz, together with General Liman von Sanders, had built up and expanded the defensive positions on the Dardanelles and there, in 1915/16 as commander of a Turkish division, successfully repulsed an attempted invasion by the Entente . Schierholz and his staff (including Scharet) were initially deployed in Macedonia and from 1916 in what was later to be Transjordan , where they defended the Hejaz Railway against attacks by Arab militants led by TE Lawrence . Schierholz died on December 8, 1917 in Maʿan , where the unit was stationed, of the Ruhr . Sharet served in the Turkish army until the armistice at the end of 1918, which he experienced in Aleppo , Syria , and was decorated with the Iron Cross and the Ottoman Medal of Merit for his service .

1918–1948: British mandate: trade union official and political organizer

After the war, he married Zipporah Meyeroff ( Hebrew צפורה מאירוב; also Me'irov; 1896–1973) with whom he had three children over the years. In the same year he began studying economics at the London School of Economics and Political Science .

After returning from England in 1925, Scharet got a job as deputy editor of Davar , the daily newspaper of the Histadrut union that was being formed . In 1931 he became secretary of the political department of the Jewish Agency and in 1933 its chief. He had the second most important position behind David Ben-Gurion . Between 1933 and 1948 he led the negotiations between the Zionists and the British Mandate Administration and acted as the ambassador of the not yet established State of Israel. He was jointly responsible for strategies such as the establishment of a Jewish brigade in the British army (see also Palmach ) and he supported illegal immigration despite the restrictions of the 1939 White Paper . Together with other leading figures from the Jewish Agency and the Yishuv , Sharet was temporarily imprisoned by the British in 1947.

Sharet on May 14th in Tel Aviv during the declaration of independence of the State of Israel (2nd to the right of Ben Gurion standing)

Israel 1948–1965: Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, Chairman of the "Jewish Agency"

After the founding of the state, he changed his name from Shertok to Sharet and was appointed the first foreign minister of the newly established state. The armistice agreements of 1949 with Egypt , Jordan , Iraq , Syria and Lebanon , which ended the Israeli War of Independence , and the Luxembourg Agreement , which Sharet signed together with Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in September 1952, as the first step in Germany's reparation policy , fell during his term of office .

After the resignation of Ben-Gurion, Sharet took over the office of Prime Minister on December 7, 1953. He took a very moderate course and advocated diplomatic negotiations with neighboring countries. In doing so, he got into a conflict with Ben-Gurion, who sabotaged the peace negotiations between Sharet and Egypt's President Nasser with the help of negotiations about - later actually carried out - German arms deliveries. Ben-Gurion sought alliances with states outside the Arab region ( Turkey , Iran ), but rejected negotiations and compromises with neighboring Arab states, including Lebanon, which was then closely allied with the United States as foreign minister under President Camille Chamoun and the philosopher Charles Malik (whose break-up Ben-Gurion wanted to bring about through the support of Maronite separatists in order to get a Christian ally in the north). Instead, he relied on a line of enforcing Israeli interests with military force and a strict rejection of diplomatic compromises. Golda Meir , Jitzchak Rabin and Shimon Peres have consistently followed Ben-Gurion's strategy since then, not only towards neighboring Muslim states, but also towards Lebanon. After almost two years in office, Sharet was replaced by Ben-Gurion on November 2, 1955. You can find out more about the disputes between Sharet and Ben-Gurion in Moshe Sharet's diary, which his son Ya'acov published in Israel in 1983, which has now also been published in German (see below).

Sharet served as Foreign Minister until 1956, but was replaced in the phase before the Middle East War in 1956 by Golda Meir, who was less willing to compromise. Then Scharet took over the chairmanship of the Jewish Agency , which he held until 1960.

literature

  • Tamar Amar-Dahl : Moshe Sharett. Diplomacy instead of violence. The "other" founding father of Israel and the Arab world. 2003, ISBN 3-89975-030-6 .
  • Livia Rokach: Israel's Sacred Terrorism: A Study Based on Moshe Sharett's Personal Diary and Other Documents. Belmont 1980, ISBN 0-937694-70-3 .
  • Ya'acov Sharett: L'État juif et l'integrité du Liban. In: Le Monde Diplomatique. Décembre 1983, reprinted in: Ramonet et al .: Proche-Orient - Une Guerre de Cent Ans. In: Le Monde Diplomatique. Manière de voir 11, Mars 1991, pp. 40-43, ISSN  0987-8610 .

Web links

Commons : Moshe Sharet  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. נתראה ואולי לא: מכתבים מן הצבא העותמאני: 1916–1918 / משה שרת (עורך: יעקב שרת), תל אביב: העמותה למורשת משה שרת, 1998.
  2. Helmut Mejcher: The Arab East in the Twentieth Century . In: Ulrich Haarmann (Ed.): History of the Arab World , page 484.Beck, Munich 1994