Murine Leukemia Virus

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Murine Leukemia Virus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Pararnavirae
Phylum : Artverviricota
Class : Revtraviricetes
Order : Ortervirales
Family : Retroviridae
Subfamily : Orthoretrovirinae
Genre : Gammaretrovirus
Type : Murine Leukemia Virus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ss RNA-RT linear, dimeric
Baltimore : Group 6
Symmetry : complex
Cover : available
Scientific name
Murine leukemia virus
Short name
MLV
Left

The murine leukemia virus or mouse leukemia virus ( MLV , also MuLV or English Friend leukemia virus ) is a virus from the genus of gamma retroviruses and belongs to the retroviruses ( Retroviridae ). Along with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2) and the avian leukosis virus (ALV), MLV is one of the best-studied virus systems. There are very many different strains (isolates) of the virus, some of which are named after the people who discovered them and some of which are named after the cells that can infect them. Most of the strains were isolated from mice , but some also from rats .

Isolates

  • Gross MLV - named after Ludwik Gross , (1951)
  • Graffi MLV - named after Arnold Graffi , (1955)
  • Friend MLV (Fr-MLV, sometimes FV) - named after Charlotte Friend, (1957)
  • Moloney MLV (Mo-MLV, also Mo-MuLV, M-MuLV), named after John B. Moloney, (1960). This is the first retrovirus whose genome has been fully sequenced (1981). A close relative of Mo-MLV infecting humans, Xenotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus-related virus ( XMRV ), was discovered in 2006.
  • Abelson MLV (Ab-MLV, also Ab-MuLV, A-MuLV), named after Herbert T. Abelson, (1970)

These strains can be classified into four different groups: ecotropic, xenotropic, polytropic and amphotropic strains. Some strains are endogenous retroviruses .

The sometimes so called Kirsten MLV is placed by the ICTV with (November 2018) as Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MSV, Kirsten MSV ) in a separate species of the same genus Gammaretrovirus , as well as the Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV, Harvey MSV ).

application

MLV is the virus most commonly used to construct retroviral vectors and is already in use in many gene therapy studies. On the basis of MLV, replication-competent vectors are also being developed which are to be used to combat tumors. It is a model virus for studying the molecular mechanisms of the development of leukemia.

A modified reverse transcriptase u. a. from Mo-MLV is used for detection methods using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Commelina yellow mottle virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. Ludwik Gross: “Spontaneous” leukemia developing in C3H mice following inoculation in infancy, with Akleukemic extracts, or AK-embryos. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 76 (1951): pp. 27-32. PMID 14816382
  3. V. Voisin, E. Rassart: Complete genome sequences of the two viral variants of the Graffi MuLV: phylogenetic relationship with other murine leukemia retroviruses . In: Virology . 361, No. 2, 2007, pp. 335-347. doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2006.10.045 . PMID 17208267 .
  4. ^ C Friend: Cell-free transmission in adult Swiss mice of a disease having the character of a leukemia . In: J. Med.. . 105, No. 4, 1957, pp. 307-318. doi : 10.1084 / jem.105.4.307 .
  5. V. D'Souza, A Dey, D Habib, MF Summers: NMR structure of the 101-nucleotide core encapsidation signal of the Moloney murine leukemia virus . In: J Mol Biol . 337, No. 2, 2004, pp. 427-42. doi : 10.1016 / j.jmb.2004.01.037 . PMID 15003457 .
  6. V. D'Souza, MF Summers: Structural basis for packaging the dimeric genome of Moloney murine leukaemia virus . In: Nature . 431, No. 7008, 2004, pp. 586-90. bibcode : 2004Natur.431..586D . doi : 10.1038 / nature02944 . PMID 15457265 .
  7. TM Shinnick, RA Lerner, JG. Sutcliffe: Nucleotide sequence of Moloney murine leukaemia virus. In: Nature , 1981 Oct 15-21, 293 (5833), pp. 543-548. PMID 6169994
  8. Viral zone entry for XMLV
  9. Maribel Arias, Hung Fan: The saga of XMRV: a virus that infects human cells but is not a human virus . In: Emerg Microbes Infect , April 2014, 3 (4), doi: 10.1038 / emi.2014.25 , PMC 4008767 (free full text), PMID 26038516
  10. HT Abelson, LS Rabstein: Lymphosarcoma: virus-induced thymic-independent disease in mice . In: Cancer Res . 30, No. 8, 1970, pp. 2213-22. PMID 4318922 .
  11. A General Introduction to and Guidance on Retroviruses and Retrovirus Vectors . (PDF) The University of Hong Kong, Safety office (Chapter 4)
  12. ICTV MSL including all taxa updates since the 2017 release. (MSL # 33). ICTV
  13. C.K. Tai, N. Kasahara: Replication-competent retrovirus vectors for cancer gene therapy. In: Front. Biosci. , 2008, 13, pp. 3083-3095 (Review), PMID 17981778
  14. MJ Roth, N. Tanese, S. P. Goff: Purification and characterization of murine retroviral reverse transcriptase expressed in Escherichia coli. In: Journal of Biological Chemistry . Volume 260, Number 16, August 1985, pp. 9326-9335, PMID 2410413 .