Nephropathy

Nephropathy (from ancient Greek ὁ νεφρός o nephros = the kidney; τὸ πάθος to pathos = the disease, the chronic disease) or kidney disease or kidney disease are names for diseases of the kidney .

The term is mostly used for kidney diseases of a degenerative nature. It was introduced in 1905/1917 by Friedrich von Müller to identify a separate group of kidney diseases (which, according to Hugo Ribbert, are also referred to with the word nephrosis ). What is meant are non-inflammatory, for example toxic or hereditary , kidney damage such as:

• Analgesic : by certain long-standing abuse analgesics (formerly " phenacetin kidney can," Today, for example, diclofenac ).
• Lithium nephropathy : a kidney disease that may occur with lithium therapy for bipolar disorder .
• Cast nephropathy : classic form of kidney damage in multiple myeloma .
• Chronic transplant nephropathy : a dysfunction of a donor kidney after a kidney transplant, often caused by certain immunosuppressants .
• Diabetic nephropathy : a late complication after years of diabetes mellitus . Diabetic nephropathy is not a clearly defined clinical picture, but the sum of the most diverse changes that can arise in the kidneys as a result of the diabetic metabolic situation: papillary necrosis, inflammation , vascular changes, diseases of the kidney's filter apparatus. - The diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy is often not histologically confirmed. Diabetics often have numerous organ damage with the result of a reduced cardiac output . This reduces the blood flow to the kidneys and thus also the glomerular filtration .
• Hypertensive nephropathy : it is not uncommon for kidney diseases to lead to increases in blood pressure , which in turn can lead to further kidney damage.
• Balkan nephropathy : a chronic toxic kidney disease endemic in some regions of the Balkans , mainly caused by aristolochic acids .
• HIV -associated nephropathy: a kidney disease synergistically promoted by the HI virus
• Contrast medium nephropathy (also contrast medium-induced or contrast medium-associated nephropathy): deterioration of kidney function after intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media

Inflammatory (immunological or autoimmune) kidney diseases are often referred to with nephropathy, for example, to the idiopathic glomerulonephritis counting IgA nephropathy or IgG4-associated nephropathy, an autoimmune disease .

In general, nephrosis is understood to mean any histologically detectable renal disease ( renal parenchymal disease with changes in the parenchyma , with degeneration of the epithelia ). Clinically , however, nephrotic ( adjective of nephrosis) are differentiated from nephritic (adjective of nephritis ) kidney diseases; The distinguishing features are the signs of inflammation . A distinction is made between a nephritic syndrome and a nephrotic syndrome .

A classic description of bilateral kidney disease with the symptoms of edema , cardiac hypertrophy and changes in the fundus was given by Richard Bright in 1827 . Other pioneers in kidney disease research were Franz Volhard and Theodor Fahr , Thomas Addis, and Donald D. Van Slyke and Homer Smith .

A. Ellis divided the kidney diseases into a type I (nephritis) and a type II (nephrosis). Among the nephroses count as the minimal change disease (lipoid) which Amyloidnephrose that myeloma rat kidney (cast nephropathy) and glomerulosclerosis and other kidney diseases with tubular deposits.

According to Wilhelm Nonnenbruch (1887–1955), a distinction is made between (rare) renal and (frequent) extrarenal kidney syndromes . The distinguishing criterion here is the detectability or the absence of histological, parenchymal or epithelial changes in the kidney tissue as a sufficient causal cause of renal insufficiency . So one has to think of the kidney failure without kidney disease. In this regard, Carl-Erich Alken speaks of kidney involvement in non-renal kidney diseases . 70 to 80 percent of the cases of acute kidney failure are based on such extrarenal syndromes ("circulatory ischemic kidney failure").

See also

• Reflux nephropathy
• chronic kidney failure

Older literature

• Richard Bright : Cases and observations, illustrative of renal disease accompanied with the secretion of albuminous urine. In: Guy's Hospital Reports. 1836, pp. 338-379.
• Franz Volhard , Theodor Fahr : Bright's kidney disease. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1914.
• Franz Volhard : The bilateral haematogenic kidney diseases (Bright's disease). In: L. Mohr, Rudolf Staehelin (Ed.): Handbook of internal medicine. Volume 3. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1918; Reprinted there, ISBN 978-3-662-42272-4 .
• Franz Volhard : The bilateral haematogenic kidney diseases. In: Gustav von Bergmann , Rudolf Staehelin (Hrsg.): Handbook of internal medicine. 2nd Edition. Volume 6 in 2 parts. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 1931; Reprint of Part 2 (pp. 1025-2140) ibid, ISBN 978-3-662-42701-9 .
• Wilhelm Nonnenbruch : The bilateral kidney diseases - Brightii disease. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1949.
• Gustav von Bergmann , Walter Frey (Hrsg.): Kidneys and lower urinary tract. In: Handbook of internal medicine. 4th edition. 8th volume, Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1951.
• Joachim Frey : Diseases of the kidneys, the water and salt balance, the urinary tract and the male genital organs. In: Ludwig Heilmeyer (ed.): Textbook of internal medicine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1955; 2nd edition ibid. 1961, pp. 893-996, especially pp. 905-990.
• Herbert Schwiegk (Ed.): Kidney diseases. In: Handbook of internal medicine. , 5th edition. 8th volume, 3 parts, Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1968.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Markwart Michler , Jost Benedum : Introduction to Medical Terminology. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 1981, ISBN 3-540-10667-7 , p. 324.
2. ↑ Joachim Frey : Parenchymatous kidney changes. In: Ludwig Heilmeyer (ed.): Textbook of internal medicine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1955; 2nd edition ibid. 1961, pp. 951-963, here: pp. 951-959 ( Nephrosen ).
3. ↑ Hanns Peter Wolff , TR Weihrauch (Ed.): Internal therapy 1984. 5th edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich / Vienna / Baltimore 1984, ISBN 3-541-07265-2 , p. 664.
4. ^ Ulrich Lammers ( Kidney Center Oldenburg): KMnephropathie. (PDF) In: KMNephropathie.pdf. Dr. med. Ulrich Lammers, accessed on May 3, 2016 . 
5. ↑ Otto Dornblüth : Clinical Dictionary , 9th Edition, Walter de Gruyter , Berlin / Leipzig 1919, p. 238 f.
6. ↑ See also Joachim Frey : Parenchymatous kidney changes. In: Ludwig Heilmeyer (ed.): Textbook of internal medicine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1955; 2nd edition, ibid. 1961, pp. 951-963.
7. ^ Günter Thiele (ed.): Handlexikon der Medizin. Urban & Schwarzenberg , Munich / Vienna / Baltimore without year, Volume 3 (L − R), p. 1703 f.
8. ^ Roche Lexicon Medicine , 5th edition, Urban & Fischer , Munich, Jena 2003, ISBN 978-3-437-15156-9 , pp. 1303-1305.
9. ↑ Cf. for example Joachim Frey: Diseases of the kidneys, the water and salt balance, the urinary tract and the male genital organs. 1961, pp. 926-971 ( Clinic of Bilateral Kidney Diseases ).
10. ↑ Joachim Frey : Diseases of the kidneys, the water and salt balance, the urinary tract and the male sexual organs. In: Ludwig Heilmeyer (ed.): Textbook of internal medicine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1955; 2nd edition, ibid. 1961, pp. 893-996, here: p. 893.
11. ↑ Joachim Frey: Parenchymatous kidney changes. 1961, p. 951.
12. ^ Joachim Frey: Nephroses. 1961, pp. 951-959.
13. ^ Wilhelm Nonnenbruch : The double-sided kidney diseases. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1949, pp. 173-192.
14. ↑ Jürgen Sökeland: Urology. 10th edition. Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart / New York 1987, ISBN 3-13-300610-X , p. 52 f.
15. ^ Gerhard Rodeck, Dieter Klaus: Initial symptoms and first measures. In: Gerhard Rodeck (Ed.): Urological diseases (= practice of general medicine. Volume 18). Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich / Vienna / Baltimore 1987, ISBN 3-541-13121-7 , p. 18.