Wilhelm Nonnenbruch

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Wilhelm Nonnenbruch (born November 6, 1887 in Munich , † February 3, 1955 in Höxter ) was a leading German internist at the time of National Socialism and professor of medicine at the Charles University in Prague and at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main .

Life

Nonnenbruch, son of the painter Max Nonnenbruch , completed a medical degree in Munich after graduating from school. From 1912 he was a medical intern at the University Hospital Würzburg and after the outbreak of the First World War he took part in the war as a department doctor of the 2nd Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment. During the war in 1917, Nonnenbruch wrote his habilitation thesis with the title Clinical Observations in Acute Kidney Inflammation in the Field . After the end of the war, he was initially employed again at the Würzburg University Clinic and in 1925 moved to the municipal hospital in Frankfurt (Oder) as a senior doctor .

In 1928 the kidney specialist Nonnenbruch became professor at the Charles University in Prague and was there on the board of the II Medical Clinic until 1939. In Prague he was the successor to Rudolf von Jaksch . From 1939 until the end of the war in 1945, Nonnenbruch then worked as a professor at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main and as director of the university clinic there. In Frankfurt he was the successor of the Nestor of Nephrology Franz Volhard , who subsequently (a few weeks after Nonnenbruch's dismissal) followed him there himself from 1945 until his accidental death in 1950.

The concentration camp doctor Rudolf Brachtel learned the examination method of liver puncture at Nonnenbruch in Frankfurt am Main . Nonnenbruch joined the NSDAP in 1939. He was also a member of the SS , where he achieved the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer . On January 27, 1944, Nonnenbruch took part in a conference at the Ministry of Armaments, where the use of a mycelium of mushrooms grown on cellulose waste products as a food substitute for concentration camp prisoners was discussed. From 1944 he was a member of the scientific advisory board of the authorized representative for health care Karl Brandt . In 1940 he also became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in Halle (Saale) .

After the end of the Second World War , Nonnenbruch briefly assumed the duties of the university's provisional board of trustees in Frankfurt am Main . In 1945 he was ousted from his professorship at Frankfurt University by the American military government and moved to Klais in Upper Bavaria . There he wrote his standard work until February 1949. From 1950 until his death in 1955 he headed the Weserberglandklinik in Höxter ; the historic old building was demolished in spring 2020 in favor of the new buildings.

Nun break syndrome

Nonnenbruch syndrome was named after Wilhelm Nonnenbruch . This means the extrarenal renal syndromes , briefly Extra Renal Syndrome , so the renal insufficiency without kidney disease as a direct result of reduced cardiac output . Synonyms are extrarenal renal insufficiency , secondary renal dysfunction , functional renal insufficiency , functional renal failure and prerenal renal failure . Nonnenbruch himself wrote in the foreword of his book inappropriately of "extrarenal phenomena", of "extrarenal 'kidney symptoms'" and of "extrarenal symptoms of kidney diseases". On the other hand, on the last pages of his book he describes ten different "extrarenal kidney syndromes" and correctly names them as "renal dysfunction" and "renal insufficiency". Its abbreviation is "e.-r. N.-S." in the singular; He avoids plural formations. Wilhelm Nonnenbruch described the hepatorenal syndrome as one of the extrarenal syndromes as early as 1937.

Nonnenbruch understood under the extrarenal kidney syndromes (following on from French clinicians) those conditions "in which, depending on a primary extrarenal disease, secondary functional kidney disorders occur, which can progress easily or even severely to uremia and sometimes offer a noticeably poor anatomical finding . " In Nonnenbruch syndrome “there is no acute renal parenchymal damage as the direct cause of the functional failure of the kidneys. The kidney morphology is unchanged except in patients with pre-existing nephropathy . After eliminating the triggering extrarenal disorder, the kidneys immediately regain their previous level of performance. "

Basically, the extrarenal syndromes were not yet understood specifically as kidney insufficiency without kidney disease. "Anatomical findings" must not be present in the kidneys or they must not be able to explain the existing renal insufficiency. In this respect, Nonnenbruch never published his own findings with such clarity. However, the causes of the reduction in cardiac output were cardiac insufficiency ( heart failure ), desiccosis ( dehydration ), fluid loss , electrolyte loss and oligemia (i.e. blood loss ). The fundamental proportionality between cardiac pump function ( CO ), renal perfusion (kidney blood flow) and glomerular filtration ( GFR ) was not recognized.

research

In 1930 , Nonnenbruch's assistant Otto Klein was the first to reliably measure cardiac output in Prague . Wilhelm Nonnenbruch, however, showed no interest in this research and did not recognize the central importance of cardiac output. Therefore he could not describe the proportionality between the glomerular filtration rate GFR and cardiac output CO and thus explain the pathophysiology of the extrarenal syndromes.

As early as 1926, Nonnenbruch mentioned options for determining cardiac output. He even compared (on page 284 in the manual of normal and pathological physiology ) "determination of the amount of blood using the CO method" and using the "American dye method". However, he did not address the generally proportional relationship between blood volume (CO) and kidney function (GFR).

Fonts

  • The pathogenesis of the war kidney , 1943.
  • Diseases of the circulation and diseases of the mediastinum , in: Textbook of internal medicine , 4th edition, Springer-Verlag , 2 volumes, volume 1, Berlin 1939, pp. 327–468.

literature

  • Ernst Klee : The personal lexicon for the Third Reich: Who was what before and after 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 3-596-16048-0 .
  • Ernst Klee: Auschwitz, Nazi medicine and its victims. 3. Edition. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1997, ISBN 3-596-14906-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wilhelm Nonnenbruch in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of article freely available).
  2. ↑ a b c d Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Third Reich , Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 439.
  3. ^ Ernst Klee: Auschwitz, the Nazi medicine and its victims , 3rd edition, S. Fischer Verlag , Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 978-3-596-14906-3 , p. 36 f.
  4. ^ Hans Joachim Sarre : Completion of the memories of Franz Volhard 1942 until his death , in: Hans Erhard Bock , Karl-Heinz Hildebrand, Hans Joachim Sarre (eds.): Franz Volhard - memories , Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-7845 -0898-X , p. 111; Sarre writes "deposed" instead of "removed from office".
  5. ^ Roche Lexicon Medicine , 5th edition, Urban & Fischer , Munich and Jena 2003, ISBN 3-437-15156-8 , page 1340 ("extrarenal kidney syndrome").
  6. ^ Maxim Zetkin , Herbert Schaldach : Dictionary of Medicine , 15th edition, Ullstein Mosby, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-86126-015-8 , page 1494.
  7. ^ Günter Thiele (editor): Handlexikon der Medizin , Volume 3 ("L − R"), Urban & Schwarzenberg , Munich, Vienna, Baltimore without year, page 1744.
  8. ^ Wilhelm Nonnenbruch: The bilateral kidney diseases - Brightii disease , Ferdinand Enke Verlag , Stuttgart 1949, page VII.
  9. ^ Wilhelm Nonnenbruch: The bilateral kidney diseases - Brightii disease , Ferdinand Enke Verlag, pages 128 and 170-192. - Note: Chapters in books usually start at the top of the page [that's why they are called like this: Chapter means head , for the page header] and end at the bottom of the page. In contrast, Nonnenbruch's chapter on extrarenal syndromes is different. His chapter "The extrarenal kidney syndrome (e.-r. N.-S.)" begins and ends unsystematically in the middle of the page, as if it had been added later. Even in the table of contents , this important chapter was erroneously classified on page XI in 1949 as a sub-chapter of the previous chapter. Its first description dates back to 1937.
  10. ^ Maxim Zetkin , Herbert Schaldach: Dictionary of Medicine , Volk und Gesundheit Verlag , 10th edition, Berlin 1978, p. 546.
  11. ^ Wilhelm Nonnenbruch: About the inflammatory edema of the kidneys and the hepatorenal syndrome , in: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift , 63rd year, issue 1/1937, January 1, 1937, pp. 7-10. doi: 10.1055-s-0028-1120905-1
  12. ^ Hans Joachim Sarre : Kidney Diseases , 4th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-13-392804-X , p. 512.
  13. ^ Wilhelm Nonnenbruch: The extrarenal kidney syndrome , in: German Archive for Clinical Medicine , Volume 189, 1956, p. 56.
  14. ↑ Volkmar Heinze: Acute kidney failure , in: Hans Joachim Sarre : Kidney diseases , 4th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-13-392804-X , pp. 425-469, here p. 452.
  15. ^ Wilhelm Nonnenbruch: About the extrarenal kidney syndrome , in: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift , N7 (1942), p. 146.
  16. ↑ Volkmar Heinze: Acute kidney failure , in: Hans Joachim Sarre : Kidney diseases , 4th edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-13-392804-X , pp. 425-469, here p. 452.
  17. ↑ The amount of blood was the minute volume. Did Nonnenbruch confuse carbon monoxide (CO) with cardiac output (CO) as early as 1926 ?
personal data
SURNAME Nonnenbruch, Wilhelm
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German internist and SS-Sturmbannführer
DATE OF BIRTH November 6, 1887
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich
DATE OF DEATH 3rd February 1955
Place of death Höxter