Obregonia denegrii

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Obregonia denegrii
Obregonia denegrii

Obregonia denegrii

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Cactus family (Cactaceae)
Subfamily : Cactoideae
Tribe : Cacteae
Genre : Obregonia
Type : Obregonia denegrii
Scientific name of the  genus
Obregonia
Frič
Scientific name of the  species
Obregonia denegrii
Frič

Obregonia denegrii is the only plant species of the monotypic genus Obregonia in the cactus family(Cactaceae). The botanical name was given in honor of the then Mexican President Álvaro Obregón . The epithet of the species honors the Mexican politician Ramón P. de Negri . The locals refer to the species in the Spanish diminutive of the generic name as "Obregonita". A common name in Englishis "Artichoke Cactus".

The genus is only found in a small area in the Mexican Jaumave Valley and is considered endangered.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Obregonia denegrii usually grows individually with almost spherical, greenish-brown shoots sunk at the tip , which hardly protrude from the ground, and has large spindle-shaped roots . They reach heights of 1 to 6 centimeters and a diameter of 2.5 to 20 centimeters (rarely up to 30 centimeters). There are no ribs . The smooth, firm and coarse protruding warts are arranged in a spiral. They are crowded at the base, rounded on the underside and tapered towards the top. The warts are 5 to 15 millimeters long and 7 to 15 millimeters wide at their base. The areoles , which are initially woolly , sit on their tips and later become bald. The three to four whitish brown, somewhat flexible spines that arise from the areoles are protruding or slightly curved and 5 to 15 millimeters long. The thorns are often not persistent and fall off.

blossoms

The flowers appearing on the shoot tip from young areoles open during the day. They are 2 to 2.5 centimeters long and 1 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter. The pericarpel is bare. The outer bracts have a brownish red central stripe and a whitish edge. They are entire and pointed. The largest of them are elliptical in shape, 7 to 10 millimeters long and 1 to 1.5 millimeters wide. The white inner bracts are also entire, pointed and the largest of them elliptical with a length of 8 to 14 millimeters and a width of 1 to 1.5 millimeters.

The anthers are yellow, the stylus white and 10 to 13 millimeters long. The four-part greenish white scar is 0.5 to 1 millimeter long. The ovary is bare during flowering.

Fruits and seeds

The club-shaped, whitish brown, bare fruits are initially fleshy and dry up when ripe. They are 16 to 25 millimeters long and have a diameter of 3 to 6 millimeters. Remnants of a flower rarely stick to them. The fruits contain pear-shaped black seeds that are 1 to 1.4 millimeters long and 0.7 to 1 millimeter in diameter. The seed coat is finely waxed, the hilum narrowly triangular. The egg-shaped seedling is highly succulent. The fruits have no opening mechanism. They weather on the plant and thus release the seeds.

genetics

The base chromosome number of the genus corresponds to that of all cactus plants.

ecology

The flowering period extends from May to September. The fruits ripen towards the end of winter or the beginning of spring. The fruits have no opening mechanism. They weather on the plant and thus release the seeds. There is no information about the pollinators or the distribution of the seeds .

Distribution and locations

The range of Obregonia denegrii is limited to the valley of Jaumave in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.

The plants are found exclusively in the Jaumave Valley in the state of Tamaulipas in Mexico . On an area of ​​350 km² there are five individual populations with a total of fewer than 5000 specimens. The plants grow on slopes on heavily weathered clay and limestone gravel, mostly in the shade of bushes. Accompanying vegetation Jatropha spathulata , Prosopis juliflora , Acacia farnesiana , Yucca filifera , Cordia boissieri and cacti Opuntia engelmannii , Cylindropuntia leptocaulis , various Mammillaria species, Coryphantha palmeri , Neolloydia grandiflora and Ariocarpus trigonus present.

Systematics

The first plants were found in 1923 by Alberto Vojtěch Frič and Marcelino Castañeda . The first description of the species and its single species was carried out in 1925 by Alberto Vojtěch Frič. Obregonia denegrii is classified within the cactus family in the tribe Cacteae . The typification was carried out in 1967 by Edward Frederick Anderson , who designated a copy sent by Frič to Joseph Nelson Rose in 1924 as the lectotype . This herbarium record is held in the United States National Herbarium .

Molecular genetic studies have shown a close relationship to the genera Lophophora and Acharagma .

 Lophophora clade 



Acharagma aguirreanum


   

Acharagma roseanum



   

Lophophora diffusa



   

Lophophora williamsii


   

Obregonia denegrii




Synonyms are Ariocarpus denegrii (Frič) WTMarshall and Strombocactus denegrii (Frič) GDRowley .

ingredients

Based on the dry matter , 0.003% tyramine , 0.002% hordenine and 0.0002% N-methyltyramine were detected in Obregonia denegrii . These substances belong to the β-phenylethylamines and are sympathomimetics , which means that they have a stimulating effect on the sympathetic nervous system. An extract made from the plants has an antibiotic effect .

use

Although Obregonia denegrii is one of the cactus species sometimes referred to as " peyote ", it does not contain mescaline . Use for ceremonial purposes, as with Lophophora williamsii , is not known. Locals are said to use the plants to produce a remedy for rheumatism .

Danger

In the first comprehensive list of threatened plants from 1978, the World Conservation Union ( IUCN) classified Obregonia denegrii as " Vulnerable " (endangered), or possibly even " Endangered " (highly endangered). The reasons given were excessive collecting and illegal export for sale in the horticultural trade. At the suggestion of the United States , Obregonia denegrii has been listed in Appendix I of the Washington Convention on Endangered Species since June 6, 1981 . As a result of an evaluation of the degree of endangerment commissioned by CITES in 1999, Jonas Martin Lüthy suggested in 2001 that the species should be downgraded to CITES Appendix II, since no acute endangerment could be determined. Mexico objected to this proposal and referred to the 1994 established "Precautionary Principle" ( precautionary principle ), since the actual available data are insufficient and are contrary. In the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , Obregonia denegrii was again named " Vulnerable (VU) " in 2002 , i. H. endangered, classified. Investigations from 2010 confirmed this degree of risk. In 2013 the species will be listed as " Endangered (EN) " in the updated IUCN list . H. endangered, led.

proof

literature

  • Edward F. Anderson : The Great Cactus Lexicon . Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4573-1 , p. 445 .
  • Edward F. Anderson: Study of the Proposed Genus Obregonia (Cactaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 54, Number 7, 1967, pp. 897-903, JSTOR 2440911 .
  • Curt Backeberg : Die Cactaceae: Handbuch der Kakteenkunde . 2nd Edition. tape V . Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart New York 1984, ISBN 3-437-30384-8 , p. 2867-2869 .
  • Alwin Berger : Illustrated Handbooks of Succulent Plants: Cacti . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1929, p. 260.
  • Hans Krainz : Genus Obregonia . In: The cacti . 1974, delivery C VIII b.
  • Alfons and Edeltraud Laußer: A star from the Jaumave valley. At the location of Obregonia denegrii Fric . In: Cacti and other succulents . Volume 49, Number 4, 1998, pp. 80-84.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Edward Frederick Anderson: Study of the Proposed Genus Obregonia (Cactaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 54, Number 7, 1967, p. 900.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Edward Frederick Anderson: Study of the Proposed Genus Obregonia (Cactaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 54, Number 7, 1967, pp. 902-903.
  3. ^ A b Edward Frederick Anderson: Study of the Proposed Genus Obregonia (Cactaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 54, Number 7, 1967, p. 901.
  4. ↑ a b c Obregonia denegrii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. Posted by: Gómez-Hinostrosa, C. & Guadalupe Martínez, J., 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  5. ^ Edward Frederick Anderson: Study of the Proposed Genus Obregonia (Cactaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 54, Number 7, 1967, p. 898.
  6. ^ Alberto Vojtěch Frič: Obregonia denegrii . In: Život v Přírodě . Volume 29, Number 2, 1925, pp. 1-4.
  7. ^ Charles A. Butterworth, J. Hugo Cota-Sanchez, Robert S. Wallace: Molecular Systematics of Tribe Cacteae (Cactaceae: Cactoideae): A Phylogeny Based on rpl16 Intron Sequence Variation . In: Systematic Botany . Volume 27, number 2, 2002, p. 263, PDF .
  8. ^ JM Neal, PT Sato, JL McLaughlin: Cactus Alkaloids. XI. Isolation of Tyramine, N-Methyltyramine, and Hordenine from Obregonia denegrii . In: Economic Botany . Volume 25, Number 4, 1971, pp. 382-384, JSTOR 4253287 .
  9. ↑ James A. McCleary, David L. Walkington: Antimicrobial Activity of the Cactaceae . In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club . Volume 91, Number 5, 1964, pp. 361-369, JSTOR 2483428 .
  10. ↑ Timothy Johnson: CRC Ethnobotany Desk Reference . CRC Press, 1999, ISBN 084931187X , p. 560.
  11. ^ Edward F. Anderson : The Cactus Family . Timber Press, Portland (Oregon) 2001, ISBN 0-88192-498-9 , pp. 64 .
  12. ↑ Alfons and Edeltraud Laußer: A star from the Jaumavetal. At the location of Obregonia denegrii Fric . P. 84.
  13. ↑ Gren Lucas, Hugh Synge (Eds.): The IUCN Plant Red Data Book: Comprising Red Data Sheets on 250 Selected Plants Threatened on a World Scale . IUCN, 1978, ISBN 2880322022 , pp. 107-108.
  14. ^ Jonas M. Lüthy: Final Report. Review of the CITES Appendices on behalf of the Plants Committee: Appendix I-Cactaceae . 2001, pp. 6-7 ( PDF ).
  15. ↑ Comments by Mexico on the Proposal to Transfer Mexican Cactaceae from Appendix I to II . PDF
  16. ^ Héctor M. Hernández, Carlos Gómez-Hinostrosa, Gibrán Hoffmann: Is geographical rarity frequent among the cacti of the Chihuahuan Desert? In: Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad . Volume 81, 2010, pp. 163-175, PDF

Web links

Commons : Obregonia denegrii  - collection of images, videos and audio files
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 13, 2010 .