Mammillaria
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Mammillaria is a genus of plants from the cactus family(Cactaceae). The botanical name of the genus is derived from the Latin word mamilla for 'nipple' and refers to the shoots with “warts”. The genus Mammillaria, together with the opuntia and the genus Echinopsis, is one of the three most species-rich genera of the cactus family. Their main area of distribution is in Mexico .
One of the approximately 180 species recognized today was already known to Carl von Linné and was described by him in his work Species Plantarum in the mid-18th century .
description
Vegetative characteristics
They are spherical to elongated, succulent plants that stand individually or form cushions from side shoots. They contain milky juice or none, with milky juice either visibly milking on the outside during the growth period in case of injury or only on the inside and weaker. Instead of ribs, the plants have warts, these are arranged in slightly different shapes and in mutually overlapping spirals, the number of which is generally characteristic of the respective species. The axillae (depressions between the warts) can be completely bare, or they have more or less long wool, sometimes also bristles or more or less long hair; the areoles (seat of the bundles of prickles on the warts) are at least initially usually covered with visible felt or more or less wool, but usually bald later. Because of the axilla and areole trimmings with felt or wool, the vertices are more or less woolly in such cases; a number of species develop the axillary wool more strongly in the flower region, so that ring-shaped woolly zones then appear.
The number and type of thorns are also very different; they can be straight, curved or z. Sometimes hooked, very fine to coarse, smooth, rough or finely haired, e.g. Sometimes bristly and soft, hair-like as well as pinnate.
blossoms
The flowers never appear in the apex, but in a wreath form from the axilla of the previous year. The hermaphroditic, radially symmetrical flowers are tubular, bell-shaped or wheel-shaped and are of various sizes, mostly small, sometimes quite large, especially in some of the species with hooked spines, 4 to 5.2 centimeters by 0.6 to 3.5 ( up to 7.5) centimeters. There are many bracts , 4 to 30 mm long and 1.5 to 8.5 mm wide. The colors of the bracts range from white to yellowish to various shades of red. In the more or less soft fleshed (and often more or less hairy) plants with hooked spines, the flowers are usually small. With other hooked species there are z. B. also more bell-shaped, funnel-shaped flowers of different sizes, hooked spines, by the way, in all three different sections in the juice. The tube, ovary and fruit are bare and practically without scales. There are many stamens present.
Fruits and seeds
After blooming, the fruit is not initially visibly formed, but appears from the axillae when ripe, that is; it is pushed out of it. The fruit color is green to red or reddish-green, e.g. T. also bright red. The juicy fruits are cylindrical to ovoid, 5 to 30 (to 40) mm long and (2 to) 4 to 9 (to 26) mm wide. The size of the seeds is 0.8 to 1.5 × 0.6 to 1.4 mm, the size and shape varies depending on the species. The seed coat is smooth to dotted or finely humped, matt to glossy, yellowish to black.
Systematics and distribution
The distribution area of the genus Mammillaria extends from the southwest of the United States through Mexico through all of Central America , including the Caribbean islands , to Venezuela and Colombia . The area with the greatest biodiversity is in Mexico.
The genus was first described in 1812 by Adrian Hardy Haworth and included the three species Mammillaria simplex (synonym of Mammillaria mammillaris ), Mammillaria prolifera , Mammillaria discolor .
The type species of the genus is Mammillaria simplex . The genus Mammillaria includes the following species:
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- Mammillaria maycobensis Rogoz. & Plein
Synonyms for the genus are Cactus L. (1753), Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton (1899), Bartschella Britton & Rose (1923), Dolichothele (Lem.) Britton & Rose (1923) , Mamillopsis (E. Morren) FACWeber ex Britton & Rose (1923), Neomammillaria Britton & Rose (1923), Phellosperma Britton & Rose (1923), Solisia Britton & Rose (1923), Lactomammillaria Frič (1924), Chilita Orcutt (1926), Haagea Frič (1926), Porfiria Boed. (1926), Krainzia Backeb. (1938), Ebnerella Buxb. (1951), Leptocladia Buxb. (1951), Oehmea Buxb. (1951), Pseudomammillaria Buxb. (1951), Leptocladodia Buxb. (1954) and Escobariopsis Doweld (2000).
Botanical history
For a long time there was disagreement about the correct spelling of the generic name Mammillaria and its taxonomic validity. In 1827 Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach used the spelling "Mamillaria" for the first time in a revised edition of Johann Christoph Mössler's Handbuch der Gewächskunde . Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck claimed in 1850: “The genus name is to be written Mamillaria because it is not derived from the verb 'mamma' but from the diminutive mamilla .” Many renowned cactus specialists followed this view, including Karl Theodor Rümpler (1817– 1891), Georg Engelmann , Karl Moritz Schumann , Ernst Schelle (1864–1945), Alwin Berger , Frederik Marcus Knuth (1904–1970) and Curt Backeberg . John Torrey and Asa Gray use 1840 in their Flora of North America with "Mammilaria" another spelling variant of the generic name.
Another difficulty arose from the fact that three years before Haworth , John Stackhouse (1742–1819) had already named a two-species genus of algae Mammillaria , which, according to the rules of botanical nomenclature, had priority over the cactus genus . Both species were later recognized as synonyms for the algae species Mastocarpus stellatus (Goodenough & Woodward) J. Agardh. Otto Kuntze completely questioned the genus name Mammillaria in his work Revisio Generum Plantarum in 1891 and combined all known species into the genus Cactus originally established by Carl von Linné . Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose described the new genus Neomammillaria due to the homonymy of the name and determined the type Mammillaria simplex as its type .
Following a suggestion by Hermann August Theodor Harms and other botanists, a list of generic names was published in 1904, which, contrary to the priority principle accepted by botanists, should be preserved as "nomen conservandum" due to their widespread use. Among the genus names recommended by Harms was the genus Mammillaria in the spelling Mamillaria . Harm's list was included in the proposals submitted to the Second International Botanical Congress, which met in Vienna in 1905 , and was accepted by the Congress.
In preparation for the 1930 Cambridge International Botanical Congress, Mary Letitia Green (1886–1978) added the type species to the list of "Nomina Generica Conservanda" and corrected the spelling of the generic name to Mammillaria . Due to the death of John Isaac Briquet (1870–1931), the official text did not appear until February 1935. In 1960, the name published by Stackhouse was finally rejected by Harold William Rickett (1896–1989) and Frans Antonie Stafleu (1921–1997).
Danger
Mammillaria pectinifera and Mammillaria solisioides are listed in Appendix I of the Washington Convention on Endangered Species . About 24 species are the endangered species red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources before (IUCN) data.
proof
literature
- Charles A. Butterworth, Robert S. Wallace: Phylogenetic studies of Mammillaria (Cactaceae) —insights from chloroplast sequence variation and hypothesis testing using the parametric bootstrap . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 91, 2004, pp. 1086-1098 (online) .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Allan D. Zimmerman, Bruce D. Parfitt: Mammillaria . In: Flora of North America . Volume 4 (online ).
- ^ Adrian Hardy Haworth: Synopsis plantarum succulentarum . London 1812, pp. 177-178 (online) .
- ^ Edward F. Anderson: The great cactus lexicon . Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4573-1 , p. 368-416 .
- ↑ José Guadalupe Martínez-Ávalos, Jordan Golubov, Salvador Arias, José Ángel Villarreal-Quintanilla: Una nueva especie de Mammillaria (Cactaceae) para Tamaulipas, México In: Acta Botanica Mexicana . Number 97, 2011, pp. 83-91 (online) .
- ↑ Bulletin of the Working Group for Mammillarienfreunde . Volume 33, number 4, 2009, p. 193.
- ↑ Joh. Christ. Mössler's Handbuch der Gewächskunde: contains a flora of Germany, with the addition of the most important foreign cultivated plants . 2nd edition, Volume 1, Altona 1827, S. L (online) .
- ↑ Walther Haage : cacti from A to Z . 3. Edition. Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Heidelberg 1986, ISBN 3-494-01142-7 , p. 370 .
- ^ Curt Backeberg : Die Cactaceae: Handbuch der Kakteenkunde . 2nd Edition. tape V . Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart New York 1984, ISBN 3-437-30384-8 , p. 3091 .
- ↑ A flora of North America: containing abridged descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing north of Mexico . Volume 1, Wiley & Putnam, 1840, p. 553 (online) .
- ↑ Chuck Staples: A Brief History Of The Genus Mammillaria and Mammillaria mammillaris (Linnaeus) Karsten . In: The Cactus Patch . Volume 6, Number 6, 2003, pp. 5-8
- ^ John Stackhouse: Tentamen marino-cryptogamicum . In: Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou . Volume 2, 1809, p. 55 and
- ^ MD Guiry, JA West, D.-H. Kim, M. Masuda: Reinstatement of the genus Mastocarpus Kützing (Rhodophyta) . In: Taxon . Volume 33, 1984, pp. 53-63 (JSTOR) .
- ^ George F. Papenfuss: Review of the genera of algae described by Stackhouse . In: Hydrobiologia . Volume 2, number 3, 1950, p. 198 ( doi: 10.1007 / BF00046555 ).
- ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio Generum Plantarum . Volume 1, 1891, pp. 258-261 (online) .
- ^ NL Britton , JN Rose : The Cactaceae. Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family . tape IV . The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington 1923, p. 65 .
- ^ H. Harms: Proposal to supplement the "Lois de la nomenclature botanique de 1867", recommended for adoption at the nomenclature congress that met in Vienna in 1905 . In: Notblatt des Königl. botanical garden and museum in Berlin. Volume 4, Appendix XIII, 1904, p. 27 (JSTOR) .
- ↑ John Briquet: texts of documents synoptique destines A servir de base aux debats du Congres International de Nomenclature Botanique de Vienne 1905 . R. Friedlinder & Sohn, Berlin 1905, p. 146.
- ^ John Briquet: Règles internationales de la nomenclature botanique: adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique de Vienne 1905 et publiées au nom de la commission de rédaction du congrès . Fischer, Jena 1906.
- ^ Mary Letitia Green: Proposed standard species of Nomina Generica Conservanda . In: International Botanical Congress Cambridge (England), 1930 Nomenclature Proposals by British Botanists . London 1929, p. 105 (online) .
- ↑ HW Rickett, FA Stafleu: Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda spermatophytorum IV (Continued) . In: Taxon . Volume 9, Number 3, 1960, p. 68 (JSTOR) .
- ^ Dan H. Nicolson: E-Mail of January 29, 2004. In: Taxacom - Biological Systematics Discussion List (accessed April 23, 2010)
- ^ Entry on the genus Mammillaria in the Proposals and Disposals database of the Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (accessed April 23, 2010)
- ^ Search for "Mammillaria" in the IUCN 2010 Red List of Threatened Species . Accessed October 14, 2010.
Web links
- Systematics of the genre according to Jonas Lüthy (1995; PDF file; 67 kB)
- Working group for friends of mammillaries
- Cactus collection Holzheu - cactus lexicon with many descriptions (distribution, ...) and pictures.
- www.mammillarias.net - site about mammillaries with countless photos, distribution maps etc.
- www.mammillaria.de