Ocher-brown funnel

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Ocher-brown funnel
Clitocybe-gibba.jpg

Ocher funnel ( Infundibulicybe gibba )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Infundibulicybe
Type : Ocher-brown funnel
Scientific name
Infundibulicybe gibba
( Pers  .: Fr. ) Harmaja

The yellow or ocher brown Deceiver ( infundibulicybe gibba , Syn. : Clitocybe gibba ) is a fungal art from the family of Ritterlingsartige relatives (Tricholomataceae). The more or less brownish ocher with the whitish lamellae appears from the end of June to October in mixed deciduous and occasionally in coniferous forests.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 3–8 cm wide, arched at a very young age, but it flattens out quickly and is soon deepened in the shape of a funnel. The cream-colored or leather- to ocher-brown, sometimes flesh-pink tinted hat usually has a small blunt hump in the middle. The color fades as it dries up. The surface is bare and the edge is initially strongly curled, with older fruiting bodies it is more or less ribbed and often bent wavy.

The young whitish, later cream-colored lamellae are very crowded and run down the handle. Some are forked at times. In older fruiting bodies, the lamellae are more cream-colored. The spore powder is white.

The 3–6 cm long and 0.3–0.8 cm wide, slender-looking stalk is more or less cylindrical and often slightly clubbed or thickened at the base. It is tough, full to stuffed and only hollow when it is old. The stalk, which is whitish or at least significantly lighter in color than the hat, has a whitish mycelial felt at the base.

The white, pale buff-colored flesh is quite tough and quite thin towards the edge of the hat. The smell is pleasantly sweet to bitter almond-like and the taste is mild.

Microscopic features

The smooth, elliptical to teardrop-shaped spores are 5.5–7.5 µm long and 3.5–4.5 µm wide.

Species delimitation

The somewhat rarer notch-edged funnel ( Infundibulicybe costata ) and the foxious red chalk knight ( Paralepista flaccida ) can be quite similar. The notch-edged funnel is slightly darker in color and has a noticeably bumpy, ribbed edge. Like the hat, its handle is colored ocher brown. The fox-like red chalk knight is usually more strongly red-brown to rust-orange in color and has lamellae that can be easily removed from the hat meat. His hat is not hunched.

The scaly funnel ( Infundibulicybe squamulosa ) also looks similar. It has a finely scaled hat skin and its hat, like the handle, is usually darker flesh to rust-brown in color. The spores are also a bit smaller. The fungus is mostly found in coniferous forests. The shiny yellow funnel ( I. splendoides ) belonging to the I. gibba complex is very similar and has a more orange-yellow cap. A reliable differentiation is only possible with the microscope. According to Bigelow , who described the species, the most important distinguishing feature is the lack of incrustation of the cap skin hyphae.

ecology

Here the ocher-brown funnelling ( Infundibulicybe gibba ) colonizes a brushwood pile in a spruce forest.

The ocher funnel grows preferentially in thick layers of leaf litter, for example in ditches at the edges of forest roads. It is mostly found in European beech forests , and more rarely in oak and hornbeam forests . It is particularly common in woodruff beech forests , followed by hair barley and hornbeam beech forests . But it also occurs in fir-beech forests. It is not or only rarely found in natural coniferous forests, but it can grow in pure spruce forests. The fungus likes loamy, more alkaline soils.

The fruiting bodies appear from late June and are most common in August and September. Mostly they grow socially and often in rows and rings. In autumn from the end of October you can only find them sporadically. The species appears earlier than most of the funnel-shaped species, which seems to be characteristic of the entire genus Infundibulicybe . The funnelling occurs from the lowlands to the mountains. Above 800 m it is quite scattered, and rare above 900 m.

distribution

The funnel is an Austro-Austrosubtropical and meridional to arctic species. The mushroom is therefore found in Australia, North Africa, North America and Europe. It is widespread in Germany and Austria, as well as in large parts of Europe, and is probably not really rare anywhere.

Systematics

The ocher-brown funnel was first described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801. In 1871 Paul Kummer placed it in the genus Clitocybe. Recent studies show that the genus Clitocybe splits into several lineages. Harri Harmaja therefore defined the genus Infundibulicybe with Infundibulicybe gibba as the type species. Some authors also consider Clitocybe infundibuliformis ( Schaeffer ) Quélet to be synonymous, while others consider it to be synonymous with Lepista flaccida (Sowerby) Pat . The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) is derived from the Latin word gibbus (hump or hump).

meaning

The ocher brown funnel is described by some authors as inedible, it is not considered poisonous, but is usually described as inferior. Without the tough stalk, it should be suitable for mixed mushroom dishes. The DGfM's positive list for edible mushrooms also describes the funnel as edible. The mushroom could be confused with the southern European, strongly aromatic smelling Perfumed Funnel , which could occur at least in warmer regions in southern and southwestern Germany. This mushroom has caused severe poisoning in France and Italy. Confusion with the Kerbrandigen funnelling and the foxious red chalk knight have no consequences, as both species are edible. The dietary value of the rare scaly funnel is unknown.

pharmacology

An extract of the brown ocher funnel shows an inhibitory effect on thrombin in laboratory experiments .

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Paul Kummer: The Guide to Mushroom Science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and reliable determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. Verlag von E. Luppe's Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1871, p. 123 ( online ).
  2. ^ Synonyms of Clitocybe gibba. (Pers.) Paul Kummer, Führer id Pilzkunde (Zerbst): 123 (1871). In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed May 28, 2020 .
  3. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 134 .
  4. ↑ a b Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 58 .
  5. ↑ a b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , pp. 171-172.
  6. ↑ Alain Gerault: FLORULE EVOLUTIVE DES BASIDIOMYCOTINA DU FINISTERE . Heterobasidiomycetes / Tricholomatales. 2005, p. 35–36 ( projet.aulnaies.free.fr [PDF; 2.6 MB ; accessed on December 6, 2011]).
  7. ↑ M. Kuo: Infundibulicybe (Clitocybe) gibba. In: mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved December 3, 2011 .
  8. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved March 18, 2012 .
  9. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on March 18, 2012 .
  10. ^ Christian Hendrik Persoon: Synopsis methodica fungorum Pars II . sistens enumerationem omnium hucusque detectarum specierum, cum brevibus descriptionibus nec non synonymis et observationibus selectis. Ed .: Henricus Dieterich. Göttingen 1801, p. 449 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  11. ↑ Harri Harmaja: Notes on Clitocybe s. lato (Agaricales) . In: Annales botanici Fennici . Vol 40. Finnish Zoological and Botanical Pub. Board, 2003, ISSN  0003-3847 , p. 213–218 (Latin, annbot.net [PDF; 118 kB ]).
  12. ↑ gibbus. In: zeno.org. Retrieved February 24, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Positive list of edible mushrooms. In: dgfm-ev.de. Retrieved February 24, 2012 .
  14. ↑ B. Doljak, M. Stegnar, U. Urleb, S. Kreft, A. Umek, M. Ciglaric, B. Strukelj, T. Popovic: screening for selective thrombin inhibitors in mushrooms. In: Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis: an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis. Volume 12, Number 2, March 2001, pp. 123-128, PMID 11302474 .

Web links

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