Lemon blubber

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Lemon blubber
Russula.ochroleuca .-. Lindsey.jpg

Lemon Deaden ( Russula ochroleuca )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Lemon blubber
Scientific name
Russula ochroleuca
Pers.

The lemon blubber ( Russula ochroleuca ) or ocher (white) blubber is a type of mushroom from the family of the blubber relatives ( Russulacea ). The medium-sized, conditionally edible and very common blubber has a uniform pale to ocher yellow hat. Its handle, lamellae, and spore powder are white. Its meat tastes almost mild to more or less spicy. The fruiting bodies appear gregarious in acidic coniferous or deciduous forests from July to November. It is particularly common on spruce trees.

features

The hat and stalk meat of the lemon blubber are white in color.
View of the underside of the hat of the lemon yellow blubber with the lamellas
Spores of the lemon blubber in the light microscope

Macroscopic features

The hat is 5 to 10, in rare cases up to 12 centimeters wide, arched when young, then spread out and broadly depressed in the middle. The cap skin is bare and smooth when dry, and sticky to greasy when wet. The hat color varies between pale yellow to ocher yellow, which led to both the name ocher and the name lemon puff.

The slats are 4 to 12 millimeters high and always somehow whitish. They tend to yellow and often become brown spots with age. The spore dust is whitish-pale ( Ia-Ib after Romagnesi).

The stem is 4 to 7 inches high and up to 2.5 inches thick. It is more or less cylindrical in shape and sometimes slightly thickened at the base. At least when young he is colored white. At the base of the handle it shows ocher-yellow hues, which represent a rudimentary remnant of the Velum universale. This remainder of the Velum universale turns deep red with potassium hydroxide. However, the stalk can turn ocher-yellow in old age, especially when it is dry, and when it is very wet it is also gray. There are also collections of stems that start from the base of the stalk and discolour brown.

The meat is always white, it only tends to be gray when it is very moist. It is comparatively firm, but can also become spongy and soft with age (especially in the handle). The lemon peeling only has a faint odor, when it smells, it is pleasantly fruity. The taste can best be characterized as piquant, it ranges from almost mild to a little spicy.

Microscopic features

The predominantly reticulated spores are round to elliptical and measure 6.8–9.3 × 6.1–7.9 µm. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.2. The spore ornament consists of up to 1.25 µm high, prickly warts, which are usually more or less network-like connected by veins or ribs. The apiculus measures 1.25–1.37 × 1.25–1.5 µm and the hillock is amyloid.

The mostly four-pore, club-shaped basidia measure 38–55 × 10–13 µm. The sterigms are 10–12.5 µm long. Spindle-shaped, 40–70 µm long and 5–7 µm wide cheilocystidia are found on the lamellar edges . The similarly shaped pleurocystides measure 50–107 × 6–11.5 µm. In contrast to the cheilocystids, they usually have a more pronounced process at their tip. All cystides are numerous and turn gray-black with sulfobenzaldehyde.

The top layer of the hat has cylindrical hairs, 3–5 µm wide, partially tapered towards the tip, which are covered in places with yellowish, acid-fast crystals. However, if the preparation is treated with chloral hydrate after the fuchsin coloration , they give off the color again. Many hyphae also contain a pigment that is arranged like a zebra crossing. Dermatocystides do not occur in the top layer of the hat (epicutis).


Ectomycorrhiza

Depending on the tree species and the age of the mycorrhiza, the ectomycorrhizae of the ocher puff are yellow, orange-brown to olive-brown with a lighter, yellow to white tip. The smooth surface typically shows fine, yellow colored flakes as deposits. The surface is otherwise smooth, retreating rhizomorphs are rare, but can occur.

Species delimitation

In the beech forest, one can confuse the lemon deafness with the similar gall-bladder ( Russula fellea ). This is thinner and more fragile, the middle of the hat is usually dark ocher yellow. The edge, on the other hand, is colored pale ocher and has roughly the same color as the lamellas and the stem. In contrast to this, the white lamellae of the lemon puff stand in a striking contrast to the yellow hat color. In addition, the gall bladder typically smells of pelargonium and tastes hot and hot, especially in the stalk.

Even more similar is the rare yellow gray-stalked deafbling ( Russula claroflava ). It grows on mostly boggy ground under birch trees. Its meat tastes mild and gray is much stronger. With age, the blade edges are discolored blackish, and its spore powder is pale ocher.

ecology

The lemon pigeon , like all species of pigeon, is a mycorrhizal fungus that can be associated with various deciduous and coniferous trees. In Central Europe, the common spruce is the most important symbiotic partner, there are also symbioses with silver fir , birch , red beech , Scots pine and other tree species. The Zitronentäubling inhabits spruce and spruce-fir forests, spruce forests, acidic beech forests, hornbeam-oak and oak forests, as well as raised bog edges and pine forests. The species grows on shallow to medium-sized, loose, humus-rich or with heavy raw humus or musty layers, acidic soils that originate from acidic original rock, or that are deeply acidic, waterlogged to moderately dry and can be weak to moderately rich in nutrients. The fruiting bodies appear in Central Europe from July to November. Under favorable conditions, the lemon puff can be a mass mushroom.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the lemon pigeon.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The species is widespread in the meridonal to subarctic zone of the Holarctic and occurs in Israel, the Caucasus region, eastern Siberia and the Far East to Japan and Korea, North America (USA), North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. In Europe, the lemon peeling is common in almost all countries from the Mediterranean to the Hebrides, Scandinavia, Finland and Spitsbergen.

    In Germany, Austria and Switzerland the species is dense to common everywhere.

    Systematics

    Due to its resemblance to the Gall-Deaf , the lemon -deaf was for a long time placed in the sub-section Felleinae , a subsection of the Ingratae section , to which the deaf from the family group of the stink-deaf belong. However, recent genetic studies and mycorrhizal anatomy show that there is no closer relationship between the two species. Instead, the lemon puff is related to the leather stick puff , with which it shares the highly reduced but still existing Velum universale as a characteristic. It is currently subsecting to the Russula section . Viscidinae posed together with the leather part-Täubling.

    Pigments

    The yellow pigments of the cap skin of the ocher puff are Russupteridine Yellow V and riboflavin. Russupteridine yellow V is chemically related to the yellow dye of the lemon moth, xanthopteridine. The pigment responsible for the yellow deposits of the ectomycorrhizae of the ocher puff is ochroleucine.

    etymology

    His scientific epithet "ochroleuca" means "ocher and white" and refers to the hat, which is often pale ocher to ocher-yellow, and the contrasting whitish lamellae.

    meaning

    The lemon puff is edible, although it is not a very tasty mushroom. You can use it in moderate quantities in a mixed mushroom dish without pretreatment; for larger quantities, briefly scalding is recommended. The sticky skin of the hat is mostly soiled with earth and spruce needles, as the fungus largely develops under the surface of the earth.

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c Fabrizio Boccardo, Mido Traverso, Alfredo Vizzini, Mirca Zotti: Funghi d'Italia . 1st edition. Zanichelli, Bologna 2008, p. 1-623 .
    2. ^ Helga Marxmüller: Russularum icones . tape 1 . Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-044823-2 , pp. 1-344 .
    3. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 212.
    4. ^ A b Henri Romagnesi : Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord . essai sur la valeur taxinomique et specifique des caractères morphologiques et microchimiques des spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967, p.  379 (French, mycobank.org [accessed June 3, 2014] MycoBank (Fungal Nomenclature and Species Databank)).
    5. ↑ a b c Angela Pillukat, Reinhard Agerer: Studies on Ectomycorrhizae XL. Comparative studies on the tree-related variability of the ectomycorrhizae of Russula ochroleuca . In: Journal of Mycology . tape 58 , 1992, pp. 211-242 .
    6. ↑ a b c Reinhard Agerer: Studies on Ectomycorrhizae III. Mycorrhizae formed by four fungi in the genera Lactarius and Russula on spruce . In: Mycotaxon . tape 27 , 1986, pp. 1-59 .
    7. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder, Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 563.
    8. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on May 6, 2012]).
    9. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mešic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae . In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 293 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed August 31, 2011]).
    10. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula ochroleuca. (No longer available online.) In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013 ; accessed on June 13, 2012 .
    11. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula ochroleuca. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    12. ↑ Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: II. Macrofungi associated with conifers in the Taygetos Mountain (Peloponnese) . In: Mycotaxon . tape  83 , 2002, pp. 97-126 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    13. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 (English).
    14. ↑ Gordana Kasom, Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. 2 , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( versita.metapress.com [PDF]). versita.metapress.com ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    15. ↑ Grid map of Russula ochroleuca. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012 ; accessed on September 27, 2012 (English).
    16. ↑ Russula ochroleuca in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    17. ^ A b Steven L. Miller, Bart Buyck: Molecular phylogeny of the genus Russula in Europe with a comparison of modern infrageeric classifications . In: Mycological Research . tape 106 , no. 3 , March 2002, p. 259–276 , doi : 10.1017 / S0953756202005610 ( elsevier.com [accessed April 3, 2020]).
    18. ↑ a b c J.M. Vidal, P. Alvarado, M. Loizides, G. Konstantinidis, P. Chachuła: A phylogenetic and taxonomic revision of sequestrate Russulaceae in Mediterranean and temperate Europe . In: Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi . tape 42 , no. 1 , July 19, 2019, ISSN  0031-5850 , p. 127–185 , doi : 10.3767 / persoonia.2019.42.06 .
    19. ^ Mauro Sarnari: Monografia illustrata del Genere Russula in Europe. Tomo Secondo . 1st edition. AMB, Centro Studi Micologici, Trento 2005, p. 801-1568 .
    20. ↑ a b c Heinz Clémençon: Large mushrooms in the microscope . In: German Society for Mykology (Hrsg.): Supplement to the journal for mycology . tape 12 , 2012, p. 1-176 .

    Web links

    Commons : Lemon Deaden ( Russula ochroleuca )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files