Orestes (genus)

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Orestes
Orestes mouhotii, couple from Kiriom in Cambodia

Orestes mouhotii , couple from Kiriom in Cambodia

Systematics
Order : Ghost horror (Phasmatodea)
Partial order : Areolatae
Superfamily : Bacilloidea
Family : Heteropterygidae
Subfamily : Dataminae
Genre : Orestes
Scientific name
Orestes
Redtenbacher , 1906
Pair of Orestes bachmaensis , initially as Pylaemenes sp. 'Bach Ma' introduced

The genus Orestes combines relatively small and elongated ghost species from Southeast and East Asia .

features

The representatives of this genus are consistently small with 34 to 45 millimeters in the male and 42 to 55 millimeters in the female sex. Both sexes are always wingless and colored in different beige to brown tones and often show high-contrast drawings with white areas , especially in younger females and female nymphs . Males are more of a single color in different shades of brown. The thorax , unlike that of members of the genus Pylaemenes, is cylindrical or approximately cylindrical. The mesontum of the females is slightly widened to the rear and there are often two lateral longitudinal rows of tubercles . The legs, and especially the thighs of the front legs, often have clear edges. The abdomen of adult , egg-laying females is clearly enlarged towards the middle. On the fourth and fifth segments there is a clear elevation and on the ninth there is a centrally seated, rearward-facing ridge. As is typical for the Dataminae , they do not have a laying spine to lay eggs. There are three rows of appendages on the head. These can merge into a towering structure with a typical shape, such as in Orestes guangxiensis or Orestes bachmaensis . In other species they are reduced to the size of solitary tubercles, which means that the head can be very flat, such as Orestes mouhotii or Orestes draegeri . In the males these structures are always formed as distinct areas formed into thorns, spikes or, as in Orestes mouhotii and Orestes draegeri, into semicircular, ear-like horns (auricles). Their legs are shaped like those of the females. On the thorax there may be smaller elevations or several, sometimes long, spines on the metathorax as in Orestes botot or on the meso- and metathorax as in Orestes diabolicus . Overall, they appear much smaller and slimmer in habit than the females.

Occurrence, way of life and reproduction

The relatively large distribution area stretches from Southeast to East Asia and extends from the Andamans , Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula , Borneo and Singapore to Vietnam , Cambodia , Thailand and southern China including Hong Kong to southern Japan . Males are sometimes rare or not known and some of the species are at least regionally parthenogenetic .

The nocturnal animals hide during the day in the leafy layer of the ground or on or behind bark. They are very lazy during the day and pretend to be dead when discovered. When touched, they drop to the ground with their forelegs and antennae stretched out and the middle and rear legs bent against the body, where they remain in a state of fright . The females lay only one to three eggs per week on the ground during their average one to two year life. These are 2.5 to 4.0 millimeters long and 2.5 to 3.1 millimeters wide and more or less hairy. The 7 to 15 millimeter long nymphs hatch two to six months after egg-laying, depending on the species, and take between half a year and more than a year to become adult.

Female of a species described in 2016 as Pylaemenes elenamikhailorum , which in terms of habitus belongs to Orestes

Systematics

The genus Orestes was established in 1906 by Josef Redtenbacher in the first description of Orestes verruculatus . The generic name is derived from Orestes , a figure of Greek mythology and means in ancient Greek Ορέστης and thus literally "who stands on a mountain" or "mountain dweller". Oliver Zompro put Orestes verruculatus in 2004 as a synonym for a species already described by Henry Walter Bates in 1865 as Acanthoderus mouhotii , which at that time was referred to as Datames mouhotii or Pylaemenes mouhotii . Since the status of a separate genus was retained, there was a combination of the genus name of the synonymized Orestes verruculatus and the specific epithet of the species described first and thus the name Orestes mouhotii . This is therefore also the type species of the genus and was its only representative until the beginning of 2018. As part of the description of six new species from Vietnam , Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant presented a new demarcation between the genera Pylaemenes and Orestes . In addition to the six newly described species, three species were transferred to the genus Orestes and one in this was revalidated. Other species previously listed in Pylaemenes , such as the Pylaemenes elenamikhailorum described by Borneo in 2016, also belong to the genus Orestes according to this differentiation .

Valid types are:

Terrariums

Several species as well as some undescribed or indefinite strains of the genus are present in the terrariums of lovers. The most widespread species are the Orestes mouhotii, listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 192, and Orestes guangxiensis, listed under PSG number 248 . Both have been held since around the late 1990s. While Orestes guangxiensis is only bred parthenogenetically, Orestes mouhotii is kept in several parthenogenetic and one sexual strains.

Another purely parthenogenic breeding strain, which was introduced from northern Taiwan in 2008 , was temporarily referred to as Pylaemenes guangxiensis "Taiwan". According to current knowledge, this species is the species Orestes shirakii, which is still described in the genus Pylaemenes .

Various other breeding lines are managed by the Dutch - Belgian working group Phasma, most of which were collected by Joachim Bresseel and Jérôme Constant in Vietnam and were brought into breeding with varying degrees of success. Three sexual and one parthenogenic strains were described by Bresseel and Constant in 2018. On the one hand, this was a 2011 in the National Park Bạch Mã collected and after this location Pylaemenes sp. Sexual tribe called 'Bach Ma'. This is led under the PSG number 267 and has been described as Orestes bachmaensis . Another species is the Orestes draegeri , collected in Đồng Nai in 2012 , which is listed under PSG number 397 and initially as Pylaemenes sp. 'Dong Nai' was called. The third sexually bred species is Orestes krijnsi , which was found in the Nui Chua National Park in 2014 and initially Pylaemenes sp. Was called 'Nui Chua'. As Orestes dittmari , a parthenogenetically bred strain was described, which was found in 2013 in the Cat Ba National Park . The species Orestes subcylindricus , which has been valid again since 2018, is also in breeding as a parthenogenic as well as a sexual strain. These were collected in 2011 in the Cúc Phương National Park and in 2013 in the Tay Yen Tu nature reserve in Vietnam.

In addition, tribes from the following localities have been introduced from Vietnam: Bidoup Nui Ba National Park (2014), Phuoc Binh National Park (two tribes in 2014), Ba Be National Park (two tribes in 2015), Melinh Biodiversity Station (2015), Ngo Luong Nature Reserve (2016), Ke-Go Nature Reserve (2017), Phuong Dien (2017) and Pu Mai National Park (2017). Another strain of the Andamans has been in breeding since 2018, whose representatives are very similar to Orestes mouhotii or are identical to this species.

Another sex breeding line from Japan has been kept and bred by several European breeders since 2013. It was collected by Kazuhisa Kuribayashi in Okinawa and was named by him as Pylaemenes guangxiensis , elsewhere it was named Pylaemenes sp. Called 'Okinawa (Iceland)'. According to more recent publications, however, these representatives belong to Orestes japonicus . Also in 2013 Elena Tkacheva and Mikhail Berezin collected a species belonging to Orestes in Borneo, more precisely in Sepilok , which was described in 2016 as Pylaemenes elenamikhailorum . It has been kept as a sexual breeding line in Russia since its discovery .

photos

credentials

  1. ^ A b c Paul D. Brock : Phasmida Species File Online . Version 5.0 / 5.0. (accessed on March 22, 2018)
  2. ^ A b Philip E. Bragg : Phasmids of Borneo , Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2001, ISBN 983-812-027-8
  3. ↑ a b Christoph Seiler, Sven Bradler , Rainer Koch: Phasmids - care and breeding of ghosts, stick insects and walking leaves in the terrarium , bede, Ruhmannsfelden 2000, p. 61 u. 136, ISBN 3-933646-89-8
  4. ^ Eugène Bruins: Illustrated Terrarium Encyclopedia - Dörfler Verlag, Eggolsheim 2006, pp. 72–73, ISBN 978-3-89555-423-0
  5. ↑ a b c d Joachim Bresseel & Jérôme Constant : The Oriental stick insect genus Orestes Redtenbacher, 1906: Taxonomical notes and six new species from Vietnam (Phasmida: Heteropterygidae: Dataminae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 58: 1–62, Brussels 2018, ISSN  1374-5514 , Full article (PDF).
  6. ^ Francis Seow-Choen : Phasmids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore , Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 2005, p. 104, ISBN 983-812-109-6
  7. ↑ a b Phasmid page ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. by Frank H. Hennemann & Oskar V. Conle @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phasmatodea.com
  8. ↑ stabschrecken.com: posture reports - stabbing, ghosts, walking leaves , iter novellum Verlag, Saarbrücken 2010, p. 71, ISBN 978-3-00-031913-6
  9. ↑ a b c Holger Dräger: Specters of the family Heteropterygidae Kirby , 1896 (Phasmatodea) - an overview of previously kept species, part 2: The subfamily Dataminae Rehn & Rehn , 1839 , ZAG Phoenix, No. 5 June 2012 Volume 3 (1) , Pp. 22-45, ISSN  2190-3476
  10. ↑ Phasmid Study Group Culture List (Eng.)
  11. ↑ Information on Pylaemenes guangxiensis "Taiwan" or Pylaemenes shirakii by Bruno Kneubühler on [1]
  12. ↑ George Ho Wai-Chun : Zootaxa 3669 (3) : Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea II: Review of the Dataminae Rehn & Rehn, 1939 (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae) of China, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species , Magnolia Press, 2013, pp. 201-222, ISSN  1175-5326
  13. ↑ breeding list of Dutch-Belgian group Phasma

Web links

Commons : Orestes  - collection of images, videos and audio files