Eastern Pomeranian

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The East Pomeranian is an East Low German dialect group that was spoken in Western Pomerania . The area of ​​validity of the East Pomeranian dialects encompassed most of the former Prussian province of Pomerania east of the Oder (Hinterpommern) within the borders of 1936. Only the south-west of Hinterpommern belonged to Central Pomerania in dialect geography . The border between the Central Pomeranian and East Pomeranian dialects was formed by the eastern limb of the so-called “Central Pomeranian Wedge”, which ran from the south-eastern edge of the Stettiner Haff in a curved line via Gollnow and Stargard to the former Pomeranian border (see on the cultural tripartite division of Pomerania here ).

After the Second World War, the East Pomeranian is largely extinct in its original distribution area, but lives in foreign varieties, v. a. in Brazil in Pomerano , which is characterized by intensive language contact with Portuguese , and in the USA in Wisconsin Platt ( Wisconsin Pomeranian ).

Settlement history

While the special importance of the clergy in the context of the medieval German settlement of Pomerania was emphasized in the past , more recent historical research paints a modified picture. It was mainly secular forces that drove the country's expansion. The (Lower) German peasant settlement movement began in Western Pomerania in the 13th century, but even earlier there had been an influx of almost exclusively German clergy who worked in the newly founded monasteries and monasteries. There are two main thrusts of the settlement movement: First and foremost, Lower Saxon and Westphalian settlers have settled in the Pomeranian coastal region as far as Stolp , while the Pomeranian ridge is largely characterized by the Marks. The north-eastern areas around Stolp and Lauenburg , on the other hand, were settled from the east by the German order of knights, although this settlement movement did not begin until the 14th century. A second wave of settlements is to be distinguished from this early medieval settlement, which in the early modern period mostly reached from the coastal region to the south-east of Western Pomerania. Finally, in terms of numbers, the state-sponsored rural settlement of the Pomerania region in the 18th century.

Outside Pomerania, the Pomeranian has spread through emigration in modern times, to North America since the first half of the 19th century and to Brazil since 1850. In Brazil the East Pomeranian lives on in the Pomerano, in the USA for example in the Wisconsin Platt ( Wisconsin Pomeranian ).

Research history

As early as the 1830s , the Szczecin grammar school teacher Wilhelm Böhmer presented the draft of a phonographically based structure of Pomerania into two main dialects, to which he assigned the attributes "round" and "broad" (BÖHMER 1833: 151). This assessment was based on the submission of voice samples to an appeal by the Society for Pomeranian History and Archeology initiated by Böhmer. The idea of ​​the dialectal dichotomy of Pomerania persisted for a long time. At the beginning of the 20th century, it was the grammar school director Robert Holsten who turned to the language barriers in Pomeranian Low German, but who focused his main attention on word geography. His essays, published immediately before the First World War, which report the results of a questionnaire survey addressed to pastors all over Pomerania, are examples of pioneering word-geographic work within German dialectology. From the collected material, Holsten developed the thesis of the linguistic three-way division of Pomerania into Western, Central and Eastern Pomerania. Taking up the early data again, supplementing and refining it, he presented his research results in a monograph over a decade later, highlighting the connection between the linguistic spatial structure, settlement history and cultural-spatial characteristics.

Research in the 1920s and 1930s, in turn, provided important insights, particularly on sound geography. Some works from this period were conceived as preparatory work for the large-scale dictionary of Pomerania . The first dialect geographic combination map for all of Pomerania was presented by Kurt Mischke in the mid-30s. The habilitation thesis by Matthias Vollmer on the East Pomeranian dialects, which was written at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, has not yet been published.

Internal division of the East Pomeranian

For the dialectal internal differentiation of the East Pomeranian v. a. the following phonetic geographic differences are relevant:

  • Pronunciation of Middle Low German long ê and ô (especially ê4 and ô1 ) as long e and o ( leef "lieb" and foot "Fuß"; Monophthong) or as ei and au ( leif "lieb" and Faut "Fuß"; diphthong)
  • Pronunciation of mnd. long î and û as monophthong ( Tiet "time", Huus "house") or diphthong ( Tɛit "time", Hɛus "house")
  • Pronunciation of mnd. long â as monophthong ( Awend "evening") or diphthong ( Auwend "evening")
  • Pronunciation of mnd. sk as sch ( wash "wash") or sk ( wash )
  • Pronunciation of mnd. long ö and ü as long ö and ü ( Böm "trees", Büdel "bag") or as long e and i ( Beem "trees", Biedel "bag"; rounding)
  • Infinitive ending on -a ( sitta "sit") or -e or -en ( sitte, sitten "sit")

According to these criteria, the following main areas can be set:

  1. The Central Pomeranian dialects are u. a. by diphthonging mnd. ê4 ( Deif “thief”, leif “dear”) and ô 1 ( Faut “foot”, skin “hat”). They occupy the largest area and are separated to the east by a wide border between Wipper and Stolpe from the north- east Pomeranian rounding area.
  2. The South Pomeranian dialects (especially in the earlier districts of Saatzig and Dramburg ) stand out from the other East Pomeranian dialects ( drinka "drink", sitta "sit") through the infinitive ending on -a . They also preserve mnd. ô1 as monophthong ( Fôt "foot").
  3. The south-east Pomeranian dialects in the region around Bublitz (north of Neustettin ) show an independent development. B. by diphthongizing the averaging. Long vowels î and û result ( Tɛit "time" and Hɛus "house"), whereby the first component of the twilight is a very open e-sound ([ɛ]).
  4. The former dialects of the Belbuck abbey area with the focus in the district of Greifenberg stand out. a. by maintaining old sk connections ( waske “washing”, Wiske “meadows”, disc “carpenter”) and by diphthongizing mnd. â ( Auwe (n) d "evening") from.
  5. The Northeast Pomeranian dialects around Stolp , Bütow and Lauenburg are characterized by vowel rounding. Examples are Biedel (instead of Büdel ) "bag", Lies ' (instead of Lüs' ) "lice", keepe (instead of köpen ) "buy", Beem (instead of Böm ) "trees".
  6. The Pomerano spoken in Brazil has mainly Central Pomeranian characteristics: diphthongization of mnd. ê4 and ô1 ( laiw "dear", faut "foot"), preservation of the vowel rounding ( köip "buy"), no diphthongization of mnd. î ( wijd "far"), and assimilation of -sk- ( wascha "wash"). The infinitive is sometimes realized as -en ( insprütsen "inject"), but more often as -a ( bestela "order"), which is true of the South Pomeranian.
  7. Wisconsin Platt , spoken in the USA, uses an infinitive on -e ( goahe "to go", hevve "to have", finge "to catch"), indicates diphthongization of mnd. ô on ( Gaut "good" in the umlaut barn "beautiful") and preserves long i ( miine "my") and long ö ( Högen "make hay"), -sk- is assimilated ( fish "fish"), has but partly pronounced rounding on ( sess "six"; grään "green", äve "over", här "hear!"). This comes close to the Northeast Pomeranian, possibly also the Central Pomeranian. Local prevalence monophthongization ( twee "two" knee "knee" Eeke "oak"; Koh "Cow" Stool "chair") may indicate influence from the Middle Pomeranian.

Dictionaries

  • Pomeranian Dictionary. Founded by Wolfgang Stammler, continued by Hans-Friedrich Rosenfeld and Renate Herrmann Winter, ed. by Matthias Vollmer at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald. Berlin 1997ff. (The complete first volume from A – K and the first eight deliveries of the second volume have been published so far).
  • Rear Pomeranian dictionary of the dialect of Groß Garde (Stolp district) based on the materials collected by Franz Jost (1887–1958) edited and designed into a dictionary by Hans-Friedrich Rosenfeld, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1993. (= publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania, Row 4: Sources on Pomeranian History. Vol. 11)
  • Kurt Laabs: Belbucker Dictionary. The vocabulary of the former Belbuck Abbey and some peripheral areas. Murnau (self-published) 1988.
  • Robert Laude: Hindu Pomerania dictionary of the Persante area. Edited by Dieter Stellmacher. Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1995. (= Publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania, Series 4: Sources on Pomeranian History. Vol. 12)
  • Ismael Tressmann: Pomerisch-Portuguisisch Wöirbauck - Dicionário Enciclopédico Pomerano-Português . Secretaria de Educação, Santa Maria de Jetibá, 2006.

literature

  • Robert Holsten: Language limits in Pomeranian Low German . In: Program of the Royal Bismarck High School in Pyritz. Easter 1913.
  • Robert Holsten: Coccinella septempunctata in Pomeranian Low German . In: Program of the Royal Bismarck High School in Pyritz. Easter 1914.
  • Robert Holsten: Language limits in Pomeranian Low German. (= Form and Spirit. Works on Germanic Philology. Book 8). Leipzig 1928.
  • Steven R. Geiger & Joseph C. Salmons :. Voices from the Past: Preserving over a half century of Wisconsin Platt recordings . Biennial North American Plattdüütsch Conference, Wausau. October 1999.
  • Karl Kühl: The Saatzig-Dramburger dialect. A contribution to the Low German language in East Pomerania. (= Pomeranian Research Series 1: Preparatory work for the Pomeranian dictionary. Vol. 4). Greifswald 1932.
  • Kurt Laabs: The dialect of Voigtshagen Kr. Greifenberg / Pommern towards the end of the 19th century . Correspondence sheet of the Association for Low German Language Research 87, 49–55. 1980.
  • Georg Mahnke: The Schlawer dialect. Linguistic history and dialect geographic investigation. (= Pomeranian Research, Series 1: Preparatory work for the Pomeranian dictionary. Vol. 3). Greifswald 1931.
  • Kurt Mischke: The Low German language in Pomerania. From the "Dialect Geography of Pomerania and the Grenzmark" which is in preparation . In: Geographisches Institut der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald (Hrsg.) :, Economic and traffic geographic atlas of Pomerania. Sheet 43.Settin 1934.
  • Kurt Mischke: Rummelsburger and Bütower dialect. From the forthcoming "Dialect Geography of Pomerania and the Grenzmark." (= Pomeranian research. Row 1: Preparatory work on the Pomeranian dictionary. Vol. 8). Greifswald 1936.
  • Kurt Pirk: grammar of the Lauenburg dialect. A contribution to the Low German language in East Pomerania. (= Pomeranian research. Series 1: Preparatory work for the Pomeranian dictionary. Volume 1). Greifswald 1928.
  • Otto Priewe / Hermann Teuchert (1927/28): Dialect geographic research east of the lower Oder. In: Teuthonista. Jg. 4, 1927/28, pp. 130-159 and 221-262.
  • Herbert Stritzel: The structure of the dialects around Lauenburg in Pomerania. (= German dialect geography. 33). Marburg. 1937
  • Fritz Tita: The Bublitzer dialect. Edited for print by Alfred Schönfeldt. (= German dialect geography . 56, pp. 35-105). Marburg 1965.
  • Matthias Vollmer: The East Pomeranian dialects. Habilitation thesis at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald. 2012 (previously unpublished).
  • Matthias Vollmer: The East Pomeranian Idiotikon by Georg Gotthilf Jacob Homann . In: Low German word. Vol. 54, 2014, pp. 91-101.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rudolf Benl: The German Settlement of Pomerania . In: Werner Buchholz (Ed.): Pommern. German history in Eastern Europe . Berlin 1999, pp. 48-75
  2. ^ Klaus Conrad: Settlement and settlement conditions in Pomerania since Christianization. In: Hans Rothe (ed.): East German historical and cultural landscapes. Part III: Pomerania . Cologne / Vienna 1988, pp. 27-58
  3. ^ Klaus Conrad: Settlement and settlement conditions in Pomerania since Christianization. In: Hans Rothe (ed.): East German historical and cultural landscapes. Part III: Pomerania . Cologne / Vienna 1988, pp. 27-58
  4. ^ Pommerscher Greif eV: The Pomeranian Associations in the USA. In: Blog Pommerscher Greif eV February 9, 2012, accessed on February 19, 2020 (German).
  5. ^ A b Gertjan Postma: Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian . Meertens Institute, Amsterdam 2018, p. 7 ( on.net ).
  6. ^ Wisconsin Platt Today. Central Wisconsin Pomeranian Club, accessed February 19, 2020 .
  7. ^ Robert Holsten: Language limits in Pomeranian Low German . In: Program of the Royal Bismarck High School in Pyritz. Easter 1913. and Coccinella septempunctata in Pomeranian Low German . In: Program of the Royal Bismarck High School in Pyritz. Easter 1914.
  8. ^ Robert Holsten: Language limits in Pomeranian Low German. (= Form and Spirit. Works on Germanic Philology. Book 8). Leipzig 1928.
  9. ↑ Kühl 1932, Mahnke 1931, Mischke 1936, Pirk 1928
  10. ↑ Mischke: The Low German language in Pomerania
  11. ^ Gertjan Postma: Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian . Meertens Institute, Amsterdam 2018 ( auf.net ).
  12. ↑ Platt Tied (Low German Time). Retrieved February 19, 2020 .
  13. ↑ Sound Comparisons ... Accessed February 19, 2020 .
  14. ↑ Sound Comparisons ... Accessed February 19, 2020 .