PU-2M

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PU-2 between two T-64s during decontamination

The guide point PU-2 ( Russian пункт управления-2, ПУ-2 , transcription : point uprawlenja-2) was used for the guidance of batteries of the missile forces , with the tactical missile system 9K52 Luna M were equipped. The command center determined meteorological data and calculated the guide values ​​for the launch pads of the rocket battery. It was developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s .

The GRAU index of the system is 9S445, that of the further development PU-2M or M2 corresponds to 9S445M or M2. In the list of numbers for technology and armament in the sector of the Missile and Weapons Service of the National People's Army of the GDR, the system was assigned the number 75 10 00 (9S445M) and 75 11 00 (9S445M2).

prehistory

The PU-2 was used in the rocket batteries equipped with the 9K52 Luna M.

In the Soviet Union, the first tactical missile complexes were developed in the 1950s. After the testing of the 2K1 Mars and 2K4 Filin systems , the Council of Ministers of the USSR finally ordered series production of the 2K6 Luna tactical missile complex on December 29, 1959 , which was replaced by the 9K52 Luna M weapon system from the end of the 1960s . All of these complexes had unguided tactical missiles. Alignment with the target was done before the start by pivoting the launch ramp or raising and lowering the launch rail. The guide values ​​were calculated on the basis of the target and start position coordinates. Due to the large range and the summit height of the ballistic curve, various influences had to be taken into account, including: a. Wind direction and speed at different heights.

With the PU-2, the complex calculation of the initial information for shooting should be automated as much as possible and a possibility to measure the wind at altitude should be created.

construction

Structure of the command post

The command post consists of

  • the base vehicle GAZ-66 ,
  • the meteorological radio measuring station RWZ-1A (Proba),
  • the electronic calculator 9W57,
  • the coupling system between computer and RWZ-1 consisting of:
    • Block BRU (computing amplifier block in RWZ-1),
    • Block BPAK (conversion of the analog data into RWZ-1)
    • Block BPK (bit code converter in the base vehicle)
  • the WR-2 wind rifle
  • various radios and field telephones,
  • various measuring and testing devices,
  • the heating and ventilation system 030
  • the generator G-8 for charging the batteries

The components of the system enabled largely autonomous use as well as testing, maintenance and repair under field-like conditions.

Fundamental interaction of the elements of the system

The meteorological radio measuring station RWZ-1A (Proba) was used for wind sounding. A pilot balloon fitted with a corner reflector was targeted with the station . Using an analog computer, the drift of the balloon and thus the wind direction and speed in different layers of altitude was calculated from the side and elevation angles as well as the slope distance. As of version M, the data was digitally transmitted to the control center and processed there in the 9W57 electronic calculating machine. Alternatively, this information could also be determined with the WR-2 wind rifle , then the data was entered manually into the electronic calculating machine. The radio measuring station RWZ-1A could be located up to 50 m away from the command post.

The 9W57 electronic calculating machine was used to calculate the start details for the launch of the rockets from the target coordinates, the coordinates of the launch position and the wind values. Most of the data was transmitted in writing or by UFT radio set in order to prevent radio reconnaissance of the starting positions. As a rule, the two start ramps of the respective starter battery are guided via the command post. In the mid-1980s, the electronic control options for the starter battery fire trains were expanded through the use of command data devices. Via these devices, which were connected to the department staff / division staff and the launch ramps via radio or data line (manufacturer was Funkwerk Kölleda), essential initial information and fire commands were transmitted, which, however, still had to be deciphered by hand in the PU-2M control center using the KOBRA key table . As a result, orders and commands were transferred in a covered manner, but the fire tasks were not accelerated.

The radio equipment and field telephones ensured control within the missile battery and contact with the command post of the missile division.

Carrier vehicle and power supply

A GAZ-66 all- terrain truck was used as the carrier vehicle . The equipment was installed in the box body, the chassis and engine of the GAZ-66 remained unchanged.

The meteorological radio measuring station RWZ-1A (Proba) was set up together with the AB-4-0 / 230/425 electrical unit on a single-axle trailer that was pulled by the GAZ-66 on the march.

The unit was used to power the radar and the coupling mechanism of the RWZ-1. With a nominal voltage of 230 volts and a mains frequency of 425 Hertz, the nominal power was 4 kW. The power supply of the electronic calculating machine 9W57 was provided by accumulators, which were located in the box body of the GAZ-66. This made it possible to operate the command post while stationary, even without the drive motor running. The batteries were charged via the G-8 generator coupled to the drive motor, which delivered a nominal output of 420 W at a nominal voltage of 12 volts.

The box body was heated and ventilated with the heating and ventilation system 030, which allowed operation while driving and when stationary. The heat output was around 3.5 kW, and 120 m 3 / h could be added in ventilation mode.

Meteorological radio measuring station RWZ-1A (Proba)

The meteorological radio measuring station RWZ-1A (Proba) was used to measure the wind in the near-earth layers of the atmosphere and to determine the improvement in wind when shooting. A hydrogen-filled pilot balloon with a corner reflector was released to measure the wind . With the radar station, the balloon was targeted by flicker scanning and tracked. Wind influences resulted in an offset of the balloon, which could be determined via the lateral angle, the height of the balloon was determined with the aid of the elevation angle and the slope distance. The antenna was adjusted automatically. The removal escort also happened automatically. In fully automatic operation, the side and elevation angles were measured and displayed on the fault viewing device for control purposes, the distance could be read off on the distance viewing device. The data were transmitted electronically to the command center, for this purpose the angle values ​​were taken with potentiometers and the distance value was made available in the distance viewing device. In manual mode, the distance was read off on the distance viewing device and the lateral and elevation angles were measured with the aid of an optical visor. With the radio measuring station the balloon could be monitored at a height of 12 to 1500 m and an inclined distance between 50 and 5000 m, the measurement was possible at wind speeds of up to 20 m / s.

The coupling of the RWZ-1A with the command post differs in the different versions. In the original version, the data for improving the wind was calculated with the integrated analog computer P-60. In the RWZ-1A version, the coupling unit was available in the RWZ-1 and the command post; in some cases, older radio measuring stations with analog computers were retrofitted with the units of the coupling unit. The coupling plant consisted of several assemblies. In the BRU block of the RWZ-1, the spherical coordinates were transformed into a right-angled coordinate system, after which they were converted into bit code in the A7D converter BPAK. The digital information was transmitted to the command center via a two-wire line.

The RWZ-1 was built on a single-axle trailer, while the structure with the radar device and the antenna could be swiveled horizontally without limits. The electrical unit was mounted on the drawbar of the trailer, the hydrogen bottles for filling the balloons were on the rear part of the frame. The length of the station was 3500 mm in marching position, the width 2115 mm and the height 2360 mm. In the battle position, the station was 3920 mm long, 2430 mm high and also 2430 mm wide.

By the Headquarters for Missiles and Artillery (GRAU) of the Soviet Army , the station was assigned the index 9S81, the modification RWZ-1A received the index 9S81A. In the NVA, the original version was listed as 52 21 00 in the number directory of the Missile and Weapons Service , the RWZ-1A as 52 30 0. Older stations with retrofitted coupling mechanisms were given the number 52 31 00.

Electronic calculating machine 9W57

The 9W57 electronic calculating machine was a transistor-based digital calculator . For logic circuits, ferrite transistor cells were used, each consisting of a transistor and a ferrite core . A ferrite core memory was used as the main memory . Fixed values, such as those for astronomical improvements, were also held in ferrite core memories.

From the target coordinates, the coordinates of the start position and the wind and astronomical improvement, the calculating machine calculated the guide values ​​for the start ramps, i.e. the lateral and elevation angles of the start rail. The calculated values ​​were shown numerically in the display unit IU. The coordinates were entered manually, the wind improvement provided by the RWZ-1. For this purpose, the transmitted data word was converted into the format of the calculating machine in the BRK block of the coupling unit located in the control center. The astronomical improvement was stored in a read-only memory.

The calculating machine, together with the coupling mechanism, had the option of self-checking. For this purpose, a control task was solved and the displayed values ​​were compared with the target values ​​laid down in the documentation.

Radio equipment

The only difference between the R-108M and the R-105 M shown here is that it has a different frequency range

The radio equipment consisted of a total of three radios: a tank radio R-123 , a portable shortwave radio R-104 and a portable VHF radio R-108. There was also a TA-57 field telephone . With these devices the connection within the battery and to the command post of the missile division was maintained.

The R-123, a frequency modulated VHF radio, had a usable frequency range of 20 to 51.5 MHz. With a transmission power of 20 W, the range was around 20 km.

The R-104 was a shortwave handheld radio that operated in the 1.5 to 3.75 MHz (1.5 to 5.99 MHz) frequency band. The device was designed for voice transmission and Morse code telegraphy. When used in vehicles, the transmission power was 20 W for Morse code telegraphy and 10 W for voice transmission; here, the type of modulation used was amplitude modulation . When used as a separate device, the output was three or one watt. It weighed 39.5 kg and was powered by batteries. Remote operation at a distance of up to 200 m was possible.

The portable VHF radio R-108 worked in the frequency range from 28 to 36.5 MHz with a transmission power of one watt. Frequency modulation was used as the type of modulation .

commitment

Structure of a missile division 9K52 Luna M

Operational principles

The PU-2 command post was deployed in the missile departments equipped with the 9K52 Luna M. A PU-2 was provided for each starter battery - which normally included two fire trains, each consisting of a launch ramp.

Use in the NVA

The National People's Army procured the command post PU-2 together with the 9K52 Luna M weapon system . The six missile detachments of the divisions of permanent readiness and five missile detachments of the mobilization divisions were equipped . Each department had two management positions. When conversion to the 9K79 Totschka weapon system began in 1983 , the PU-2 and the other elements of the 9K52 Luna M rocket complex were separated from rocket departments 7 and 9.

Since the Bundeswehr did not adopt the 9K52 Luna M system , the use of command posts in the German armed forces also ended when the NVA was dissolved.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g technology catalog. Control center 9S445M (PU-2M). In: Missile and Weapons Technical Service in Kdo. MB III. Retrieved February 2, 2014 .
  2. ↑ Technology catalog. WR-2 wind rifle. In: Missile and Weapons Technical Service in Kdo. MB III. Retrieved February 2, 2014 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e technical catalog. Meteorological radio measuring station RWZ-1A (Proba). In: Missile and Weapons Technical Service in Kdo. MB III. Retrieved February 2, 2014 .
  4. ↑ Technology catalog. 9S445 coupling mechanism. In: Missile and Weapons Technical Service in Kdo. MB III. Retrieved February 2, 2014 .
  5. ↑ a b c technical catalog. Electronic calculating machine 9W57M-1. In: Missile and Weapons Technical Service in Kdo. MB III. Retrieved February 2, 2014 .
  6. ↑ Technology catalog. R-123 radio. In: Missile and Weapons Technical Service in Kdo. MB III. Retrieved February 2, 2014 .
  7. ↑ Technology catalog. R-104 radio. In: Missile and Weapons Technical Service in Kdo. MB III. Retrieved February 2, 2014 .
  8. ↑ Technology catalog. R-108 radio. In: Missile and Weapons Technical Service in Kdo. MB III. Retrieved February 2, 2014 .