Pandur (soldier)
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Pandur ( Hungarian pandúr ; from Latin banderium for banner ) referred to an armed bodyguard of Croatian nobles in Slavonia as well as a member of an Imperial-Austrian military unit in the Silesian Wars in the 17th and 18th centuries .
history
In the 17th and 18th centuries, soldiers from the military border against the Ottoman Empire , mostly Croats , Romanians , Serbs and Hungarians , were referred to as Pandours in the Habsburg Monarchy . In Hungary , Croatia , Serbia or Wallachia they were also used as police forces. In Serbia, for example, Pandur has been used as a negative term for police officers to this day. The term Pandur is probably derived from the banderies , with the only difference that in the 17th century the Pandurs were light foot soldiers. The original concept, however, was the same, they were private troops or private militias of mostly Hungarian nobles.
From these, under Franz Freiherr von der Trenck, an Austrian freischarge notorious for their atrocities in the Silesian Wars was put together. Franz Freiherr von der Trenck put his troops together mainly from residents of the villages in which he had his goods (in the Croatian towns of Pakrac , Nuštar , Brestovac near Požega and the areas around Osijek ). Since this part of Croatia had only been incorporated into the Habsburg Empire a few years earlier and had been under Turkish rule for 150 years, the local population was dressed and equipped according to the Turkish military culture.
The Pandours carried Turkish shotguns , sabers , various types of pistols and long knives called " jatagan ". Baron von der Trenck saw an advantage in this unusual equipment because, in his opinion, this foreign appearance had a corresponding psychological effect on the enemy. Because of their red cloaks, the Pandours were sometimes called "Red Coats" or "Red Capuchins".
In 1756 this military unit was transferred to a regiment of the Hungarian infantry of the standing army. In the following time, the appearance and equipment of the soldiers were adapted to those of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces. Under the last name of the Austro-Hungarian Croatian Infantry Regiment "Dankl" No. 53 , this unit existed until 1918 with a garrison in Agram (today Zagreb ).
Other well-known Pandur leaders were Karađorđe , the leader of the Serbian uprising of 1804, Tudor Vladimirescu , the leader of the Romanian uprising of 1821, or the Hungarian Pandur and later bandit leader Sándor Rózsa . Here the border to the Heiducken was often very fluid and many Heiducken also served as Pandours for the Austrian or Ottoman administrative apparatus.
Reception in art
The Augsburg copperplate engraver Martin Engelbrecht brought out a series of copper engravings about "exotic" soldiers in the German theater of war who took part in the Silesian Wars ( Theater de la milice etrangere; show stage of various soldiers from foreign nations who were previously unknown in Germany ), with the Pandours playing a central role play. The series comprises around one hundred and fifty individual sheets depicting irregular troops from the time of the War of the Austrian Succession . In addition to the “Sclavonian” clappers, Croats, Pandours and Haiducken, there are also some “mountain scots” to be seen. Each sheet is provided with an explanatory quatrain, which often refers to the "strangeness" and "novelty" of the warriors depicted. Through their “costumes”, the characters represented appear as if roles embodied by actors. Engelbrecht's series apparently met a particular demand for “exotic” visual material about the protagonists of the war of that time and - considering the large number of imitators that his work has found - can be classified as extremely successful. The series is exhibited in the Vienna Army History Museum .
A colored hallmark after Vinzenz Georg Kininger in the costumes of the Imperial and Royal States by T. Mollo, 1803–1821, plate 50 shows a red coat in readiness for action.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Overview of the history of the Pandours on kuk-wehrmacht.de ( Memento of the original from January 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed May 15, 2012
- ↑ Liselotte Popelka: Martin Engelbrecht and the auxiliary people of Maria Theresa , in: Gerda Mraz (Red.): Maria Theresa as Queen of Hungary , exhibition in Halbturn Palace, Burgenland, May 15 - October 26, 1980; Halbturn Castle, Eisenstadt 1980, pp. 45–51; quoted with: Marian Füssel: Theatrum Belli. The war as a staging and theater of knowledge in the 17th and 18th centuries , academic work at the University of Münster online at metaphorik.de (PDF; 1.3 MB), accessed on May 15, 2012
- ↑ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Army History Museum Vienna. Hall II - The 18th Century to 1790 . Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1983, ISBN 3-7023-4012-2 , pp. 29, 64
