cardboard

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Corrugated board - side view of different grades.
Opened cardboard box.

Cardboard is made of wood pulp , pulp , semi-chemical pulp or paper by sticking -presses manufactured or material . It is used as packaging and in the arts and crafts . Cardboard is the generic term for solid cardboard and corrugated cardboard . Cardboard is produced as machine cardboard ( Fourdrinier cardboard ) or as wrapping cardboard (handboard). The name hand-made cardboard comes from the fact that in many systems the wet cardboard has to be removed by hand sheet by sheet. There is also a distinction between wood board (made from wood pulp) and gray board (made from waste paper).

Etymology / history

The term cardboard is taken from Latin ( pappare for pulp ); later the bookbinder's flour paste was called cardboard. The sheets of paper or parchment were pasted together with this paste - a process that has been known since ancient Egypt .

The material was imported from China in the 17th century and reached Europe via the Silk Road . In the West, the variant of paper glued together has been common since the 13th century - here mainly as a raw material for playing cards . The first mention of it comes from a printing manual written in 1683 entitled "Joseph Moxon's Mechanick Exercises" . In the 17th century, cardboard book covers also became popular. The material was also used by furriers , hat makers, weavers and shoemakers and for tubes for optical instruments. In 1817 the mass production of cardboard boxes began in England by Sir Malcolm Thornhill; Cardboard packaging was produced in Germany in the same year . The oldest existing cardboard box comes from Germany and was made in 1817 for a strategy board game called "The Game of Besieging". In 1890, the Scot Robert Gair invented pre-cut cardboard or cardboard packaging - flat pieces that were made as loose boxes. Gair's invention came about as a result of an accident: he was a printer and paper bag maker during the 1870s, and one day he was printing an order for seed bags. A metal ruler that was normally used to fold the seed bags cut them off. Gair discovered that by cutting and folding, he could make finished cardboard boxes in one go. Applying this idea to corrugated cardboard was a logical development when the material became available around the turn of the twentieth century.

The Swedish invention of the Tetra Pak in the late 1950s opened up another area of ​​application.

Manufacturing

For the production of "wrapped cardboard", the highly diluted fiber suspension is pumped onto several round sieves, where the so-called sheet formation takes place and the material is dewatered for the first time by pressing. The fiber fleece obtained in this way is then wet wound onto a so-called forming roller until the desired layer thickness is achieved. By cutting open the cardboard cylinder, a sheet is created, which runs through a three-tier dryer and is then cut to the required format using a lengthwise and cross cutter.

For the production of "Fourdrinier board", the pulp is applied to a wire section, which consists of a lower and an upper wire. A headbox mounted transversely to the running direction ensures that the mass is evenly distributed. The fiber suspension is dewatered between the two wires, creating an "endless" fiber layer that is removed at the end of the wire and fed into a pressing area where the wet cardboard web is pressed out by felts . The residual moisture is then evaporated in a drying machine, the cardboard web is then smoothed and rolled out or cut directly into sheets.

“Machine board” usually consists of layers of different composition, with the top layers usually made of the higher quality material. Machine cardboard is produced by pressing several fiber webs produced simultaneously on cylinder and / or Fourdrinier machines together.

Definition and consumption

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Paper , cardboard and cardboard are flat materials that are made from the same basic materials and in principle the same manufacturing methods. They are mainly distinguished in terms of weight per square meter . Cardboard according to DIN 6730 is used with a square meter weight of over 225 g / m 2 (approximately 1.5 mm thick), cardboard weighs 150–600 g / m 2 . The term “cardboard” does not officially exist. This is in line with the recommendations of the EU to standardize external trade relations.

In German usage, however, one speaks of cardboard if the weight per square meter is over 600 g / m 2 .

There are different types:

  • Solid board : single-ply and couched , also glued, glued, impregnated or coated. Manufactured as machine or wrapping cardboard.
  • Wrapping cardboard: a distinction is made between white wrapping cardboard, made of wood pulp, which must be punchable, drawable and embossable, and gray wrapping cardboard made of waste paper.
  • Gray cardboard / brown cardboard: as a protective material and as versatile intermediate layers. Stackable goods (e.g. pallet goods ) can be optimally protected and stabilized with the help of gray cardboard.
  • Fiber board: including body board , shoe cardboard , Jaquardpappe , suitcases cardboard , punching cardboard , marble board , fire board . A special mixture of the various types of raw materials and an additional compression of the finished sheet gives hardboard its special strength. Hard cardboard is used wherever extreme durability and increased stability are required.
  • Light cardboard: where weight optimization with the same thickness of the intermediate layers is important. Due to its properties, lightweight cardboard offers economic potential for cost savings.
  • Archival cardboard / fine cardboard: highly compressed cardboard with high strength; this is particularly resistant to aging.
  • Box cardboard : brown wrapping cardboard , also called cardboard ; this type of cardboard shows very good scoring and creasing properties.
  • Leather board: paperboard, for the production of which u. a. Waste leather to be used.

In Germany 65% ​​of the recovered paper is used for paper and cardboard production. 70% of pulp is imported. The per capita consumption of paper and cardboard in Germany in 2006 was 253 kg / year.

Phrase

“It is not made of cardboard” is an older expression for: “It is particularly strong or resistant”. Originally designed as the one meant Papp or cardboard children referred to mush . So those who no longer ate the baby food, but ate solid food, consequently became "stronger" according to the vernacular .

In musicians' jargon, performance permits for stage performers were usually called “cardboard” (“amateur” or “professional cardboard”) because the official terms were not used with pleasure.

"I know my Pappenheimers" comes from the Thirty Years' War and refers to a phrase about Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim .

use

Today the material can hardly be replaced as a packaging material. But emergency notes or even furniture have already been made from it. Cardboard is used in many applications: cardboard boxes , paper cups , cardboard model making , roofing felt , beer mats .

recycling

Recycling code for cardboard

The cardboard recycling code is 21.

literature

  • Jürgen Blechschmidt (Ed.): Paper processing technology. 2nd edition, Fachbuchverlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-43802-6 .
  • Hillenbrand, Böhm, Landwehr and Marscheider-Weidemann: The wastewater situation in the German paper, textile and leather industry. In: gwf Wasser-Abwasser. 1999, No. 4, p. 267.
  • Möbius and Tolle: Wastewater from the paper and cardboard industry Part 1 and 2. In: UBA texts. 31/90 and 32/90.
  • M. Suhr: BVT leaflet documents techniques for environmental relief in the pulp and paper industry. Environment - VDI Verlag, No. 4/5, 2001, p. 48.

See also

Web links

Wiktionary: Cardboard  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

swell

  1. ↑ Jürgen Blechschmidt (Ed.): Paper processing technology. 2nd edition, Fachbuchverlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-43802-6 , p. 31.
  2. ^ Heinz Schmidt-Bachem: From paper: De Gruyter, 2011, ISBN 978-3-11-023607-1 , p. 673.
  3. ↑ Edward Denison, Richard Cawthray: The Big Book of Packaging Prototypes: Roto Vision, 2010, ISBN 978-2-88893-098-3 , p. 14
  4. ^ Joseph Moxon, Theodore Low De Vinne: Moxon's Mechanick Exercises: Volume 2, Typothetæ of the City of New York, 1896, OCLC 578105129 (reprint), p. 407.
  5. ^ Paper Trade Journal. Vance Publishing Corporation, 1957, Volume 141, Issues 26-39.
  6. ^ Inge Keil: Augustanus Opticus: Akademie Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-05-003444-0 , p. 384.
  7. ↑ Jack, Challoner: 1001 Inventions that Changed the World. Cassell, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84403-611-0 , p. 268.
  8. ^ Chuck Groth: Exploring Package Design. Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4018-7217-5 , p. 7.
  9. ^ Diana Twede and Susan EM Selke: Cartons, crates and corrugated board: handbook of paper and wood packaging technology. DEStech Publications, 2005, ISBN 978-1-932078-42-8 , pp. 41-42, 55-56.
  10. ↑ Terms  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 400 kB), from zfamedien.de, accessed on October 15, 2016.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.zfamedien.de  
  11. ↑ K. Craemer, Th. Fasol u. a .: Handbook of Gerbereichemie und Lederfabrikation. Volume 3 / Part 2, Springer, 1955, ISBN 978-3-7091-8022-8 , p. 1117.
  12. ↑ Info folder paper  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.45 MB) from abfall-kreis-tuebingen.de, accessed October 15, 2016.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.abfall-kreis-tuebingen.de  
  13. ↑ Werner Scholze-Stubenrecht, Wolfgang Worsch: Turnings: Dictionary of German Idiomatics. 4th edition, Bibliographisches Institut, ISBN 978-3-411-04114-5 , p. 556.