Paryphanta busbyi
| Paryphanta busbyi | ||||||||||||
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Paryphanta busbyi , Waipoua Forest |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Paryphanta busbyi | ||||||||||||
| ( Gray , 1840) |
Paryphanta busbyi is the name of a predatory living snail from the family Rhytididae in the subordination of terrestrial snails (gastropod), which in New Zealand is widespread.
features
Paryphanta busbyi has a firm, wide, broadly naveled, flattened, almost disc-shaped, slightly striped, shiny, dark olive-green snail shell , with spiral furrows that disappear towards the front. The thread protrudes only a little and has an almost completely flat vortex. The house of the adult snail has four and a half slightly arched and rapidly increasing coils, which are bent downwards and depressed above. The oblique, egg-shaped housing mouth has a central cutout. The blunt muzzle is covered by the strong, inwardly turned periostracum made of conchin . The shell is about 60 to 79 mm wide and 33 to 44 mm high. The shell of the type specimen measures 66 mm by 53 mm and is 29 mm high.
The shell of Paryphanta busbyi has a very thick periostracum and a lime layer only a few micrometers thick . If the housing is kept too dry, it will disintegrate by shrinking the periostracum, which is not held by a strong layer of lime.
The embryonic shell, which consists of two turns, is about 10 mm wide and 9 mm high, is rounded, flattened at the top, narrowed towards the base, and bifurcated.
The snail is bluish black with a slightly lighter shaded sole of the foot. On the head and neck there are some regular rows of square-shaped rugae, while in other areas of the body the rugae are more oval, of irregular size and not arranged in rows. The mantle has a sharp, smooth edge and a deeply incised line that runs less than 2 mm from the edge. As with other snails, there is a rag on the underside of the mantle that covers the respiratory organs and the anus, but also a long, narrow fold on the left side.
The retraction muscles of the chewing apparatus and the foot are fused at the back and attach together to the columella. The muscle of the chewing apparatus rests on its back on the muscles of the foot and forms a strong, broad muscle band. The foot retraction muscles are continuously attached to the foot and not free and increasing as in Roman snails . The eye retraction muscles branch off from the foot muscles; they branch out towards their front ends and thus supply the lower antennae retractor muscles.
The radula is about 2.5 cm long and about 1 cm wide in front, whereby it tapers towards the rear. The radula teeth stand in about 104 transverse rows at an obtuse angle of 130 ° and protrude behind. There are around 100 radula teeth in each row with a tooth formula of 50-0-50 ( Frederick Wollaston Hutton ) or 52-0-52 ( Robert C. Murdoch ). The radula teeth are similar to each other and are pointed with simple tuberous tips. The first five lateral teeth are small. From the sixth onwards, they gradually increase in length to the thirty-fifth and then decrease again. Some of the innermost radula teeth, usually one or two on each side, are small and very slender. Sometimes one of these sharp teeth is separated from the neighboring ones and can therefore appear like a central tooth. As with other representatives of the family, there are no jaws.
HG = hermaphroditic gland (ovotestis),
HD = hermaphroditic duct (ductus ovotestis),
AG = protein gland,
UT = seminal fallopian tube ( sperm duct ),
PR = prostate ,
P = penis,
V = vagina,
G = genital pore,
PRM = Penile retractor muscle,
M = muscle tissue that connects the fallopian tubes to the body wall.
The digestive system contains a very large chewing apparatus (buccal mass) with powerful muscles. The rear end is bent downwards and forwards and held tightly to the further anterior cylindrical section by a strong abdominal muscle. The retractor muscle encompasses the rear end, while a number of ventrolateral muscles extend from the front section and unite with the immediately adjoining body walls. The back of the esophagus opens into the cavity of the chewing apparatus in the anterior quarter of the intestinal canal. The salivary glands are located on the back half of the chewing apparatus. They fuse at the midline and partially encompass the esophagus. From the anterior end of each salivary gland, a salivary duct leads off, which opens into the cavity of the chewing apparatus a little below the mouth of the esophagus. The stomach forms a simple elongated sac. The intestinal tract apparently resembles that of Powelliphanta hochstetteri .
The kidney is short tongue-shaped and not even twice as long as it is wide, about half as long as the lungs and about one and a half times as long as the pericardium , which, like other pulmonary snails, lies on the left edge of the kidney. The ureter runs around the right edge of the kidney, follows the back end of the lungs, and empties out near the bowel. From this point on, the intestine forms a long, straight tube as the rectum . A distinct ridge runs along the lung wall less than 3 mm from the side of the rectum, which appears to be an open continuation of the ureter. This ridge is tubular and continues into the mantle tissue where it appears to merge with the blood sinus. With the exception of the large pulmonary vein, the blood vessels of the lungs are only indistinctly visible. This very wide vein leads directly to the atrium and appears wave-like, almost screw-like. Towards the breathing opening it forms several clearly recognizable branches. The vessels on the dorsal side of the lungs are tiny and heavily branched, while only a few traces can be seen on the heart side.
The suprapedal gland opens between the head and foot just below the mouth. It forms a long, flat, heavily folded structure at the bottom of the body cavity. Its rear end is somewhat enlarged and enclosed in a cavity in the foot, with which it is connected by muscles. From the end of the gland there is a passage through the foot tissue, but without forming a mucous cavity.
The sex organs in Paryphanta busbyi differ from those in the genera Powelliphanta and Wainuia . The male reproductive organs of Paryphanta busbyi are severely reduced and a receptaculum seminis (spermathec) is missing , similar to that of Schizoglossa novoseelandica . There is a blunt, roughly triangular extension of the vaginal wall with a retractor muscle that is connected to the adjacent body wall. A small loop is visible beneath the outer tissue, which starts from the vaginal wall. This is the rear end of the penis , which, with the exception of a slight taper, merges into the vas deferens without any visible change . The front section of the vagina forms a wide chamber which is closed to the rear by a flap-like papillary structure; the inner walls are slightly blackish in color and elongated faintly. The papilla is continuously united with the vaginal wall so that the hole in its center is the only connection to the fallopian tube. The anterior third protrudes freely into the anterior cavity of the vagina. The walls are comparatively thick; inside they are slightly fanned lengthways and lined with whitish tones.
The penis opens into the rear section of the papillary structure in the form of a small tube. It extends obliquely forward through the thick wall of the vagina and widens slightly towards the end. The vas deferens is embedded in the vaginal wall. Its posterior, prostatic section through the protruding folds or fanning of the fallopian tube is tubular and then open, but is enclosed over a short section on all sides by these fanning out. From this point to the protein gland it is a clearly outlined area of rust-brown color and separated from the uterus section by longitudinal folds. The uterus is divided into numerous sacs and the inner walls are fanned out. A receptaculum seminis is not recognizable. As with other members of the family, the protein gland is very large and has the shape of a boot. The hermaphroditic duct ends near the base of the protein gland. It is a simple straight tube from which several small short tubes branch off and which merges with the tissue that forms the hermaphroditic gland. The latter tissue is tightly folded and embedded in the liver.
distribution
The natural range of Paryphanta busbyi includes the northern parts of the North Island of New Zealand : Kaitaia , Hokianga , Mangonui , Bay of Islands , Otonga East , Mania Hill , Whangarei , Brynderwyn Range , Hen Island , Woodcocks and south to Warkworth . Introduced populations are found in Little Huia in Waitakere Ranges , Waiuku in Awhitu Peninsula, and Kaimai Ranges .
habitat
Paryphanta busbyi lives in forests and bushland in the layer of leaf litter , between plants on the forest floor and under tree trunks. It is also found in forests made from non-native plants such as Hedychium and Pinus radiata . The snail is active in cool and humid weather and rests in dry weather.
Occasionally the snail can be found on trees on semi-parasitic plants.
The population density of Paryphanta busbyi is low compared to the species of Powelliphanta .
Life cycle
Paryphanta busbyi lays its oval, white, lime-shell eggs without a cuticle, usually in clusters of 4 to 6 eggs on the roots of large trees under dead leaves. The size of the eggs ranges from approximately 10.5 mm by 9.5 mm through 12 mm by 9 mm to 14 mm by 10.75 mm.
At the age of 7 the snail reaches a width of the housing of 54 mm.
nutrition
As a carnivore , Paryphanta busbyi feeds primarily on earthworms , insects and insect larvae, but also on snails from the genus Rhytida , and occasionally cannibalically from conspecifics.
Predators
The main predators of Paryphanta busbyi are introduced rats , pigs , tree poults , hedgehogs and birds . Rats and birds eat snails. Pigs eat snails of all sizes, including eggs, and also destroy the snail's habitat.
Danger
As early as 1913, Henry Suter noted that the populations of Paryphanta snails were rapidly declining due to the destruction of their habitat, forest fires and introduced rats and pigs. In addition to the introduced predators, the main threats are habitat fragmentation and habitat change .
Paryphanta busbyi is a protected species in New Zealand under the Wildlife Act 1953 .
The two species of Paryphanta were temporarily listed in Appendix II of CITES , but were removed on the grounds that the collection of the snails did not play a significant role in the decline of these species.
According to the IUCN Red List of 2009, the species is " near threatened ".
Individual evidence
- ^ O. von Möllendorff: Agnatha Moerch. Predator snails. 2. Genus Paryphanta Alb. , P. 10. In: O. von Moellendorff and Wilhelm Kobelt: Die Raublungenschnecken (Agnatha). Systematic Conchylia Cabinet by Martini and Chemnitz. Verlag von Bauer and Raspe (Emil Küster), Nuremberg 1905.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i C. A. McGuinness (2001): The conservation requirements of New Zealand's nationally threatened invertebrates ( Memento of October 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive ). Threatened Species Occasional Publication 20. 658 pages. Pp. 71-120.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Henry Suter (1913): Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca . Wellington, 1120 pages, pp. 778-779 . Plate 48 , fig. 10.
- ↑ RL Goldberg: Paryphanta busbyi. CONCH-L archives, University of Georgia, January 1998.
- ↑ George Washington Tryon (1885): Manual of Conchology , structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata . Volume I. p. 127.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Robert C. Murdoch (1902): On the Anatomy of Paryphanta busbyi, Gray . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 35, pp. 258-262, panel XXVII .
- ↑ a b c d Frederick Wollaston Hutton (1881): Notes on some Pulmonate Mollusca . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 14, pp. 151-159.
- ↑ a b A. P. Ballance (1985): Paryphanta at Pawakatutu. Tane 31, pp. 13-18. PDF
- ^ AC O'Connor (1945): Notes on the Eggs of New Zealand Paryphantidae, With Description of a New Subgenus. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 5 (1945-1946), p 54 -57.
- ^ RK Dell (1953): A contribution to the study of rates of growth in Paryphanta busbyi (Gray), (Mollusca, Pulmonata). Records of the Dominion Museum 2, pp. 145-146.
- ↑ a b E-CoP10-P-10.pdf ( Memento of the original from June 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , CITES , October 20, 2005.
- ^ Wildlife Act 1953 . Schedule 7 .
- ↑ G. Sherley (1996): Paryphanta busbyi . In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2.
literature
- Arthur William Baden Powell : New Zealand Mollusca , William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland 1979. ISBN 0-00-216906-1
- N. Coad (1998): The kauri snail (Paryphanta busbyi busbyi), its ecology and the impact of introduced predators . MSc thesis, University of Auckland. 161 pp.
- James Charles Cox (1888): Contributions to Conchology. No. I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 2 (4), pp 1061 -1064. Linnean Society of New South Wales. Plate XX , Fig. 6.
- Frederick Wollaston Hutton (1880): Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. A systematic and descriptive catalog of the marine and land shells, and of the soft mollusks and Polyzoa of New Zealand and the adjacent islands . Wellington 1880. pp. 21-22.
- PG Ohms (1948): Some aspects of the anatomy of Paryphanta busbyi . MSc thesis, University of Auckland.
