Hedychium

Hedychium
Butterfly ginger or garland flower ( Hedychium gardnerianum )
Systematics
Commelinids Order : Gingery (Zingiberales) Family : Ginger family (Zingiberaceae) Subfamily : Zingiberoideae Tribe : Zingibereae Genre : Hedychium
Scientific name
Hedychium
J.Koenig

Hedychium is a genus of plants that belongs to the ginger family(Zingiberaceae) and includes about 93 species. Some species areusedas ornamental plants in tropical parks and gardens.

description

Rhizome and habitus of the butterfly ginger ( Hedychium gardnerianum )

Zygomorphic flower of the butterfly ginger ( Hedychium gardnerianum ) with the red, long stamen with style

Fruit cluster of the butterfly ginger ( Hedychium gardnerianum )

Appearance and leaves

Hedychium species grow as evergreen, perennial herbaceous plants . They form fleshy, bulbous, thickened rhizomes . They grow mostly terrestrial, rarely epiphytic . The leaf sheaths of the leaves form so-called pseudo trunks that reach heights of 1 to 3 m.

The alternate and two-line (distich) arranged leaves are never united to form basal rosettes. The leaves have a leaf sheath and a simple, herbaceous leaf blade with a raised central rib from which the lateral nerves branch off in parallel. In the budding stage, the leaf blade is rolled up lengthways. The leaf margin is smooth. There are noticeable ligules .

Inflorescences and flowers

The cone-like, spiked inflorescences are formed at the end of the false stems , which contain only one to six (several) flowers, usually 4 to 6 (2.5 to 7) cm long bracts and small, tubular bracts covered by the bracts.

The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold and zygomorphic with double perianths . The three sepals are fused together to form a relatively narrow, cylindrical tube that is open on one side and tri-toothed or lobed on top. The three petals are fused at their base to form a long, narrow tube with three linear corolla lobes that are bent back after they have opened. Of the original six stamens , only the middle stamen of the inner circle is fertile ; it usually has a relatively long, linear stamen . All other stamens are transformed into staminodes . The middle staminodium of the outer circle is always missing. The two lateral staminodes of the outer circle are corolla-like and larger than the corolla lobes. The two lateral staminodes of the inner circle have grown together to form a so-called labellum ; it represents the most noticeable part of the flower and is semicircular and usually bilobed at the end. Three carpels are fused into a subordinate (syncarpic) three- chamber ovary. The very thin stylus is located in a furrow of the filament and the stigma is above the anthers . The individual flowers wither quickly, usually they are open for less than a day.

Fruits, seeds and sets of chromosomes

They form triple, spherical capsule fruits that contain many seeds. The seeds have a mostly fringed aril .

The basic chromosome number is x = 17.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Hedychium is widespread in tropical to warm temperate southern Asia and Southeast Asia ( Himalayas ), and it occurs in Madagascar. There are 28 species in China alone , 18 of which are only there.

Inflorescence of Hedychium coccineum

Butterfly lily ( Hedychium coronarium )

Flowers of Hedychium cylindricum

Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Hedychium flavescens

Illustration of Hedychium flavum

Hedychium flavum

Cracked capsule fruit with seeds with red aril from Hedychium horsfieldii

Hedychium longicornutum leaves and inflorescences

Spotted butterfly ginger ( Hedychium spicatum )

Hedychium yunnanense

The genus Hedychium was set up in 1783 by Johann Gerhard König in Anders Jahan Retzius : Observationes Botanicae , 3, pp. 73-74. Type species is Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig . The botanical genus name Hedychium is derived from the Greek words hedys for "sweet, pleasant", which means the scent of the flowers; and chion for "snow", derived with reference to the white flowers of a species; however, this is seldom questioned. Synonyms for Hedychium J.Koenig are: Gamochilus T.Lestib. , Gandasulium Rumph. ex Kuntze , Brachychilum (R.Br. ex Wall.) Petersen .

There are about 95 species of Hedychium :

• Hedychium aureum C.B. Clarke & H. Mann ex Baker : It occurs from Assam to Thailand .
• Hedychium biflorum Sirirugsa & K.Larsen : It occurs in Thailand.
• Hedychium bijiangense T.L.Wu & SJChen : This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of 2600 to 3200 meters only in Bijiang Xian in northwestern Yunnan . This species is used as an ornamental plant.
• Hedychium bipartitum G.Z.Li : It is cultivated and only occurs in Guilin Shi in northeastern Guangxi at an altitude of about 1200 meters.
• Hedychium boloveniorum K.Larsen : It occurs in Laos .
• Hedychium bordelonianum W.J. Kress & KJWilliams : It occurs from Bangladesh to Myanmar .
• Hedychium borneense R.M.Sm. : It occurs in northern Borneo .
• Hedychium bousigonianum Pierre ex Gagnep. : It occurs in Vietnam .
• Hedychium brevicaule D.Fang : This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of 500 to 700 meters only in Napo Xian in western Guangxi .
• Hedychium calcaratum A.S.Rao & DMVerma : It occurs in Assam .
• Hedychium champasakense Picheans. & Wongsuwan : It occurs in Laos.
• Hedychium chayanianum Wongsuwan : It occurs in Laos .
• Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. (Syn .: Hedychium angustifolium Roxb. , Hedychium carneum G.Lodd. , Hedychium longifolium Roscoe , Hedychium aurantiacum Roscoe , Hedychium roscoei Wall. ex Roscoe , Hedychium squarrosum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. ): There are no subtaxa more. It has red or orange flowers and is distributed from Sri Lanka over the Himalayas (northeastern India , Sikkim , Bhutan , Nepal ) to Myanmar, Thailand , Mêdog Xian in southeastern Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and southern Yunnan. This species is used as an ornamental plant.
• Hedychium collinum Ridl. : It occurs from Thailand to the Malay Peninsula .
• Hedychium convexum S.Q.Tong : This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of around 1000 meters only in Jinghong Xian in southwestern Yunnan.
• Butterfly lily ( Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig , Syn .: Hedychium spicatum G.Lodd. Nom. Illeg., Hedychium maximum Roscoe , Hedychium lingulatum Hassk. , Hedychium chrysoleucum Hook. , Hedychium gandasulium Buch.-Ham. Ex Wall. , Hedychium prophetae Buch .-Ham. Ex Wall. , Hedychium sulphureum Wall. ): There are no more subtaxa. It has white flowers and is distributed from Sri Lanka and India over the Himalayas (Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Taiwan to Indonesia, the Malay Archipelago and Australia. It is used as a medicinal and ornamental plant and for the extraction of essential oils.
• Hedychium cylindricum Ridl. : It occurs in Sumatra and Borneo.
• Hedychium deceptum N.E. Br. (Syn .: Hedychium rubrum A.S.Rao & DMVerma ): It occurs in Assam.
• Hedychium densiflorum Wall. : It is common in the Himalayas from India, Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal to eastern Tibet (Bomi Xian).
• Hedychium dichotomatum Picheans. & Wongsuwan : It was first described in 2013 from Yunnan.
• Hedychium efilamentosum Hand .-- Mazz. : It thrives in forests at altitudes of around 1,800 meters in Tibet and in northwestern Yunnan.
• Hedychium elatum R.Br. : It occurs from the Himalayas to eastern India and to Myanmar.
• Hedychium ellipticum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm .: It thrives in the Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh , Assam, Bhutan, Myanmar and Vietnam.
• Hedychium elwesii Baker : It occurs in Assam.
• Hedychium erythrostemon K.Schum. : It occurs in Sulawesi .
• Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe (Syn .: Hedychium coronarium var. Flavescens (Carey ex Roscoe) Baker , Hedychium coronarium var. Subditum (Turrill) Naik , Hedychium subditum Turrill , Hedychium emeiense Z.Y.Zhu , Hedychium panzhuum Z.Y.Zhu ): It has white flowers and thrives in the eastern Himalayas in Assam, in eastern Nepal and in the western Chinese province of Sichuan as well as in Vietnam. It is a medicinal plant.
• Hedychium flavum Roxb. (Syn .: Hedychium coccineum var. Flavum (Roxb.) Baker , Hedychium coronarium var. Flavum (Roxb.) Baker , Hedychium coronarium var. Urophyllum (G.Lodd.) Baker , Hedychium coccineum var. Urophyllum (G.Lodd.) Baker , Hedychium urophyllum G.Lodd. ): It has yellow flowers and thrives in the Himalayas in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou , Sichuan and Yunnan. It is used as an ornamental plant and for the extraction of essential oils.
• Hedychium forrestii Diels : There have been three varieties since 2010, from Indian Tamil Nadu via Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan to northern Vietnam.
• Butterfly ginger or kahili ginger ( Hedychium gardnerianum Sheppard ex Ker Gawl. ): It has yellow flowers and thrives in the eastern Himalayas in Nepal and in Sikkim.
• Hedychium glabrum S.Q.Tong This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of around 2100 meters only in Ximeng Va Zu Zizhixian in southern Yunnan.
• Hedychium glaucum Roscoe : It occurs from eastern Nepal to Bangladesh.
• Hedychium gomezianum Wall. : It occurs from the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh to Thailand.
• Hedychium gracile Roxb. : It occurs from Assam to Thailand.
• Hedychium gracillimum A.S.Rao & DMVerma : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to Assam.
• Hedychium gratum Wall. ex Voigt : It occurs in Assam.
• Scarlet ginger ( Hedychium greenii W.W.Sm. ): It thrives from the eastern Himalayas to Assam.
• Hedychium griersonianum R.M.Sm. : It occurs in southern Bhutan.
• Hedychium griffithianum Wall. : It occurs from Assam to Thailand.
• Hedychium hasseltii flower : It occurs on Java .
• Hedychium hirsutissimum Holttum : It occurs from Thailand to the Malaysian state of Perak .
• Hedychium hookeri C.B. Clarke ex Baker : It occurs in Assam.
• Hedychium horsfieldii R.Br. ex Wall. : It occurs on Java .
• Hedychium intermedium flower : It occurs on Java.
• Hedychium khaomaenense Picheans. & Mokkamul : It occurs in Thailand.
• Hedychium kwangsiense T.L.Wu & SJChen : It occurs in the Chinese province of Guangxi.
• Hedychium larsenii M.Dan & C.Sathish Kumar : It occurs in Assam.
• Hedychium linear R.M.Sm. : It occurs in Borneo.
• Hedychium longicornutum handle. ex Baker : It occurs from Thailand to the Malay Peninsula .
• Hedychium longipedunculatum Sastry & DMVerma : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to Assam.
• Hedychium longipetalum X.Hu & N.Liu : It occurs in Yunnan.
• Hedychium luteum Baker : It only occurs in Assam.
• Hedychium macrorrhizum Ridl. : It only occurs in the Malaysian state of Selangor .
• Hedychium malayanum Ridl. ex Burkill & Holttum : It occurs only in the Malaysian state of Pahang .
• Hedychium marginatum C.B. Clarke : It occurs from Assam to Myanmar.
• Hedychium menghaiense X.Hu & N.Liu : It occurs in Yunnan.
• Hedychium menglianense Y.Y.Qian : It occurs in Yunnan.
• Hedychium muanwongyathiae Picheans. & Wongsuwan : It was first described from Thailand in 2009.
• Hedychium muluense R.M.Sm. : It occurs in Sabah and Sarawak on Borneo.
• Hedychium nagamiense Sanoj, M.Sabu & VPThomas : It wasfirst describedin 2011 from the Indian state of Nagaland .
• Hedychium neocarneum T.L.Wu, K.Larsen & Turland : It is endemic to forests near Simao Xian at altitudes between 1600 and 1900 meters in southern Yunnan.
• Hedychium nutantiflorum H.Dong & GJXu : It is endemic to forests near Yuanyang Xian at altitudes between 1600 and 1800 meters in southern Yunnan.
• Hedychium paludosum M.R.Hend. : It occurs only in the Malaysian state of Pahang .
• Hedychium parvibracteatum T.L.Wu & SJChen : It occurs in eastern Tibet.
• Hedychium pauciflorum S.Q.Tong : It occurs in western Yunnan.
• Hedychium peregrinum N.E.Br. : It occurs in Madagascar .
• Hedychium philippinense K.Schum. : It occurs in the Philippines.
• Hedychium phuluangense Picheans. & Wongsuwan : It was first described from Thailand in 2009.
• Hedychium poilanei K.Larsen : It occurs in Vietnam.
• Hedychium puerense Y.Y.Qian : It thrives in forests at altitudes between 1,300 and 1,600 meters in southern Yunnan.
• Hedychium pynursulaeanum S.K. Jain & SCSrivast. : It occurs in Assam.
• Hedychium qingchengense Z.Y.Zhu : It occurs in Sichuan.
• Hedychium radiatum A.S.Rao & Hajra : It occurs in the eastern Himalayas.
• Hedychium raoi G.D. Pal & GSGiri : It occurs in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh .
• Hedychium robustum A.S.Rao & Hajra : It occurs in the eastern Himalayas.
• Hedychium roxburghii flower : It occurs in two varieties from Java to Bali.
• Hedychium samuiense Sirirugsa & K.Larsen : It occurs in Thailand.
• Hedychium satyanarayanum S.C.Srivast. : It occurs in the Indian state of Meghalaya .
• Hedychium siamense Picheans. & Wongsuwan : It occurs in Thailand.
• Hedychium simaoense Y.Y.Qian : It is endemic to forests near Simao Xian at altitudes of about 1400 meters in southern Yunnan.
• Hedychium sirirugsae M.Dan & C.Sathish Kumar : It occurs in the Indian state of Manipur .
• Hedychium speciosum Wall. : It has yellow flowers and grows from eastern India to Thailand.
• Spotted butterfly ginger ( Hedychium spicatum Sm. ): It has white flowers and thrives from the Himalayas to southern and central China.
• Hedychium stenopetalum Lodd. : It occurs from Bhutan to Indochina.
• Hedychium tenellum (K.Schum.) RMSm. : It occurs on the Moluccas .
• Hedychium tengchongense Y.B.Luo : It occurs in western Yunnan.
• Hedychium thaianum Mokkamul & Picheans. : It occurs in northern Thailand.
• Hedychium thyrsiforme Sm . : It occurs from the Himalayas to eastern India and to Myanmar.
• Hedychium tienlinense D.Fang : It occurs in northwestern Guangxi .
• Hedychium tomentosum Sirirugsa & K.Larsen : It occurs in Thailand.
• Hedychium venustum Wight : It occurs in the Nilgiri Mountains of southern India and in Myanmar.
• Hedychium villosum Wall. : It occurs in two varieties from eastern Nepal to the Malay Peninsula and to southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan).
• Hedychium wardii C.EC fish. : It occurs in Assam.
• Hedychium ximengense Y.Y.Qian : It occurs in southern Yunnan.
• Hedychium yungjiangense S.Q.Tong : It occurs in western Yunnan.
• Hedychium yunnanense Gagnepain : It occurs from the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan to Vietnam.

Others

Hedychium gardnerianum was brought to the Azores island of São Miguel as an ornamental plant and is spreading very strongly there, so that it is considered more of a weed there . In some cases it even poses a threat to the local flora ( gale tree , laurel- juniper forest).

The Hedychium coronarium (German butterfly lily , more rarely also white ginger), originally native to the Himalayan region , is considered an aggressive, invasive plant in Brazil . It was introduced at the time of slavery . As "Flor de Mariposa" (literally translated "butterfly flower") it is the national plant of Cuba .

swell

• Delin Wu, Kai Larsen: Zingiberaceae. : Hedychium , p. 370 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
• Alan T. Whittemore: Zingiberaceae. : Hedychium - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2000. ISBN 0-19-513729-9

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b} Fritz Encke : Parey's flower gardening . tape  1 . Parey , Berlin 1960, p. 399-400 .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af} Delin Wu, Kai Larsen: Zingiberaceae. : Hedychium , p. 370 - the same text online as the printed work In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Alan T. Whittemore: Zingiberaceae. : Hedychium - the same text online as the printed work In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 .
4. ^ Hedychium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 2, 2014.
5. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 (reprint ISBN 3-937872-16-7 ).
6. ^ ^{A b} Hedychium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Hedychium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 2, 2017.
8. ^ ^{A b} Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
9. ↑ Profile of Hedychium gardnerianum .
10. ↑ TK Lim: Edible Medicinal and Non Medcinal Plants. Vol. 8, Flowers . Springer Netherlands, 2014. ISBN 978-94-017-8747-5 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-94-017-8748-2

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