Juan Bautista Pastene

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Juan Bautista de Pastene.
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joan batista de pastene

Juan Bautista de Pastene (* around 1507 in Genoa , Italy , † around 1581 in Santiago de Chile ) was an Italian sea captain and conquistador in Spanish service.

He was born around 1507 in Genoa, Italy to Tomasso Pastene and Esmeralda Solimana. Around 1525 he came to the Caribbean with his own ship . Just a few years later he had gained a certain fame as a capable captain and was recruited by Francisco Pizarro for his expeditions to the Inca Empire. He made numerous trips along the Pacific coast between Panama and northern Chile. He was appointed Piloto Mayor del Mar del Sur by the Real Audiencia of Panama , the highest-ranking commander in the Spanish fleet on the American Pacific coast . In 1543 Pastene was commissioned by the Spanish viceroy in Peru to explore the Chilean coast as far as the Strait of Magellan and to bring an aid delivery to the Chilean governor Pedro de Valdivia . Pastene reached the young colony in Chile in mid-1544. He helped Valdivia, who had been troubled by the Mapuche, to free the new capital Santiago from a state of siege that had lasted for over two years. Valdivia appointed Pastene as his deputy at sea. In the same year Pastene sailed to 41 ° South and formally took possession of the areas thus discovered for Valdivia. In 1545 he sailed to Peru with the order to get supplies. The company failed there due to the turmoil of civil war and betrayal. Before he could return in 1547, he revealed that Valdivia's opponents were preparing to invade Chile. He then helped Valdivia to sail with soldiers and gold to Peru, where he joined the troops loyal to the king and defeated the rebels. Juan Bautista de Pastene then settled in Chile and continued to serve Valdivia and his successors as ship commander in the expansion of the colony into the Araukania. As a colonist, he ran agriculture, viticulture and cattle breeding, ran a rope factory and a forge. He passed away peacefully at the age of 74, leaving his five children with a large and enduring fortune.

Life

Origin and family

Juan Bautista de Pastene was born in Genoa, Italy at the end of 1506 or beginning of 1507 and was probably originally called Giovanni Battista Pastene. He was the son of Tomasso Pastene (* 1480) and Esmeralda Solimana. His siblings were Pedro, Miguel and Bartolomea de Pastene. The pastene were a wealthy and influential family whose origins in Genoa can be traced back to the 11th century.

He married Ginebra de Seixas (or: Cexas, Cejas, Seijas). The wedding may have taken place on the Canary Island of La Palma , the home of the bride. According to other sources, Ginebra came on the ship from Pastene to Santiago in Chile in July 1544, where the wedding is said to have taken place. Juan Bautista de Pastene had five children with Ginebra: Tomás (* late 1547– † 1601), Juan Francisco (* 1548 or 1549), Pedro (* 1552 - † 1627), Francisco (* 1556 - † 1622 to 1628) and Ana Maria.

Arrival in the New World

Probably around 1525, he came to the then so-called New Indian Islands , the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean , for the first time, probably with his own ship . He came to Honduras and took part in the Barlovento Conquista. In doing so, he gained a certain degree of popularity. Francisco Pizarro then recruited him for his expeditions to conquer the Inca Empire in Peru and around 1529 he was already in Peru.

Career on the Pacific Coast

Pastene was appointed Piloto Mayor del Mar del Sur by the Real Audiencia of Panama , which made him the highest-ranking naval commander on the American Pacific coast. On behalf of Francisco Pizarro, he undertook some exploratory trips by ship along the Pacific coast between Panama and Copiapo in what is now Chile. Pastene was critically injured in fighting during the founding of Lima (early 1535).

On November 11, 1541, a few months after the violent death of Francisco Pizarro, Pastene left the port of Callao with his ship Concepción with the stated destination Nicaragua . On his journey he first came to Tumbes , where he wanted to meet Cristóbal Vaca de Castro , the successor to Francisco Pizarro appointed by the Spanish king. From there he sailed on, reached Panama on December 12th and then returned to Peru to fight the Almagrists on the side of the new governor.

The Spanish King Charles V had commissioned Cristóbal Vaca de Castro to explore the coast up to the Strait of Magellan , the sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific on the southern tip of the American continent. Charles V feared that the French King Francis I would send an expedition to this region. Vaca de Castro then entrusted Juan Bautista de Pastene with this task on April 10, 1543. Pastene should also find out how things were going with Pedro de Valdivia's expedition . He had left Peru for Chile more than two years earlier to establish a colony there and there has been no news of him since. So Pastene was appointed Primer General de la Mar (about: First General at Sea) by Vaca de Castro on October 10, 1543 . Pastene equipped his ship San Pedro at his expense . He invested around 40,000 gold pesos. He had probably received the ship from Pizarro as a reward for his services. Others report that he bought it for 10-12,000 gold pesos. (1 gold peso corresponds to 4.6 g fine gold)

1st expedition on the Chilean coast (1544–1545)

In July 1544, Juan Bautista de Pastene reached central Chile with his ship. There he learned that Pedro de Valdivia was being besieged in Santiago. He then went to Santiago with his people. Monroy had already arrived before him with the ship Santiaguillo and an aid delivery, but with the help of Pastene, Pedro de Valdivia was able to end the siege of Santiago for good and devote himself to the expansion of his colony.

In August 1544, the two ships San Pedro and Santiaguillo were equipped in Valparaíso. Pedro de Valdivia appointed Pastene on September 3rd as "Teniente General en el Mar" (approximately: Lieutenant General at Sea). A day later, Pastene sailed south from Valparaíso with Jerónimo de Alderete , his deputy Rodrigo de Quiroga and Valdivias secretary Juan de Cárdenas (or Juan de Cardeña). Fog hindered their expedition for thirteen days, then the sun became visible and they found they had reached 41º ¼ south. Then they turned to the north and began to explore the coast and towards evening they anchored in a long bay that seemed safe to them. On the following September 18th, Pastene, Alderete and Cardeña went ashore with some armed men and in a short ceremony declared the area and its inhabitants to be the property of the Spanish king and his governor Valdivia. Alderete chaired the ceremony and Cardeña issued a certificate. They captured some Indians who had approached in curiosity, returned to the ship and continued their expedition. In this way, wherever it seemed appropriate, they did an act of seizure and sometimes they did not even leave the ship. The expedition ended in Valparaíso on September 30, 1544.

Pastene and his companions had discovered the bays of today's cities Valdivia and Concepción , as well as several estuaries, such as that of the Río Bío Bío , and the island of Mocha . But that was not enough for them and they started rumors that they had discovered a great empire with temples where thousands of priests would serve, ruled by a sovereign named Leuchengolma who had several hundred thousand soldiers. And further south there is a wonderful country where only women live. These lies were probably propaganda to lure more Spaniards to Chile and even found their way into the literature of that era. The original destination of his journey, the Strait of Magellan, was never to reach Pastene.

Mission to Peru (1545–1549)

On September 4, 1545, Pastene was sent to Peru by Pedro de Valdivia with the San Pedro , accompanied by Alonso de Monroy and Antonio de Ulloa. Equipped with all the gold Valdivia could raise, Monroy and Pastene were supposed to get supplies. The young colony needed more soldiers, settlers, horses and weapons. Ulloa was supposed to sail to Spain to see Charles V in order to solicit the title of governor for Valdivia for the zone up to the Strait of Magellan and in the whole width between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. After a relatively short crossing, they reached Callao, the port of Lima, on September 28th. Due to the betrayal of Ulloa, the project failed on arrival in Peru, which was ravaged by the ongoing civil war. The gold and ship were confiscated, Monroy fell ill and died soon after, and Pastene was placed under some kind of house arrest in Lima. After many months, Pastene managed to buy and equip a ship in order to make off towards Chile. Due to adverse wind and current conditions, it took him six months to sail from Callao along the coast to Tarapaca, where he arrived around June 1547. From there it took him more than two months to reach Coquimbo in Chile.

During his trip he met Figueroa in a port in Peru, a follower of Ulloas who was on his way to Lima with some soldiers. Pastene tried to stop him by force of arms. Shot at by the arquebusiers , Figueroa was brought to Pastes ship, where he confessed to Ulloa's latest plot before he died: Ulloa had recruited soldiers in Peru on the pretext of wanting to help Valdivia and was with them on two ships on their way to Chile. On the way he had revealed his true, up to then secret plan to the soldiers. He wanted to overthrow Pedro de Valdivia and raise Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz to governor. Pastene, so forewarned, dodged Ulloa's ships and hurried to get to Chile before them to warn Valdivia. In September 1547 he finally reached Santiago and informed the unsuspecting Valdivia of the circumstances of his trip, the deepening crisis in Peru and the impending invasion by Ulloa.

Pedro de Valdivia then decided to intervene in the Peruvian civil war on the side of the royal troops. Pastene helped him finance and run this business. First he made the ship Santiago available in the port of Valparaíso so that Valdivia could confiscate gold with the help of a ruse of colonists willing to leave. A few days later, on December 13, 1547, he then sailed with Valdivia and his most loyal followers to Callao. By mid-January 1548 he brought everyone safely to Lima on a journey marked by great uncertainty. After successfully completing the mission and returning to Santiago, Valdivia appointed Pastene on August 1, 1549 as his deputy at sea. He also awarded him the title of Teniente de Gobernador y Capitán General en el Mar (about: Lieutenant Governor and Captain General of the Sea).

Colonist in Chile

Pastene has been generously rewarded for his services by Pedro de Valdivia. Under the legal form of the encomienda , a contemporary form of serfdom, he gave him as an encomendero the disposal of numerous indigenous people and under the title Merced he gave him property rights to lands. Pastene settled in Chile and operated mining, viticulture, cattle breeding with cattle, horses, sheep and pigs, as well as agriculture with wheat, corn and hemp. He made lines and ropes for ships from the hemp. He ran a smithy in Santiago. In 1548, 1551, 1553, 1557 and 1568 Pastene was a member of the Cabildo , the colonial city government of Santiago, as Regidor and in 1564 as Mayor . He supported Valdivia in conquering the Araukania.

From 1554, after the death of Pedro de Valdivia, Pastene was in the service of his successors. So for Francisco de Villagra in the defense of Concepción and other occasions. Later for Rodrigo de Quiroga in the ongoing Arauco War . On October 1, 1557, Pastene was appointed by the governor García Hurtado de Mendoza as his sea captain and thus again as commander in chief in Chilean waters.

On March 31, 1579, in recognition of the merits that father and son had earned, the Spanish king issued a Real Cédula with which he allowed the encomiendas of Juan Bautista to be transferred to his son Tomás. It is not known exactly when Pastene died. On November 17, 1580 he was still alive and by the end of 1582 he was already dead and thus died at the age of 73 or 74.

literature

  • Miguel Luis Amunátegui Aldunate: Descubrimiento i conquista de Chile - Pedro de Valdivia . Imprenta, Litografía y Encuadernación Barcelona, ​​Santiago de Chile 1913 (Spanish, memoriachilena.cl ).
  • Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile . tape 1 . Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile 2000 (Spanish, memoriachilena.cl ).
  • Claudio Gay: Historia de Chile . tape 1 . En casa del autor / Museo de Historia Natural de Santiago, Paris / Santiago de Chile 1844 (Spanish, memoriachilena.cl ).
  • Juan Guillermo Muñoz Correa: Griegos e italianos en la vitivinicultura chilena temprana in Palimpeses . tape 3 , no. 6 . Departamento de Historia Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile 2006 (Spanish, palimpsestousach.cl [PDF]).
  • José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile . Imprenta Elziviriana, Santiago de Chile 1906 (Spanish, memoriachilena.cl ).

This and that

In the first book (= chapter) of the "Colloquium heptaplomeres", which was wrongly attributed to the French Jean Bodin , a Pastaenus appears as the ship owner. It is believed that he had something to do with the family of the Juan Pastene listed here.

Web links

Commons : Juan Bautista Pastene  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Tomás Thayer Ojeda: RCH. 15, 1914, p. 378.
  2. ↑ Ettore Lacquaniti: Giovanni Battista Pastene: marino, conquistatore e funzionario pubblico . Tipografia e Litografia Inglese, Valparaiso 1904.
  3. ↑ rootsweb.com.Retrieved August 14, 2008.
  4. ↑ a b c d José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 646.
  5. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 654.
  6. ↑ Tomás Thayer Ojeda: RCH. 15, 1914, p. 375 f.
  7. ↑ a b c José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 649.
  8. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 263.
  9. ↑ a b c d e Juan Guillermo Muñoz Correa: Griegos e italianos en la vitivinicultura chilena temprana . tape 3 , no. 6 . PALIMPSES, 2006.
  10. ↑ a b José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. 1906. p. 656.
  11. ↑ Thayer Ojeda, Tomás: Reseña histórico-biográfica de los eclesiásticos en el descubrimiento y conquista de Chile. In: Revista Chilena de Historia y Geografía . Volume XXXV and following, 1921, Pastene (Fray Juan), p. 182 ( archive.org ).
  12. ^ Tomás Pino Aldunate: Pastene in Genealogía de Familias Chilenas ( accessed August 14, 2008). External link: tpino.netfirms.com ( Memento of the original from December 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / tpino.netfirms.com
  13. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile . 1906. p. 643.
  14. ↑ (presumably the Islas de Barlovento or islands over the wind (Antilles) of the Lesser Antilles ).
  15. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 655 f.
  16. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 648.
  17. ↑ Tomás Thayer Ojeda: RCH. 15, 1914, p. 380 f.
  18. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 208.
  19. ↑ a b c d José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 647.
  20. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 646 f.
  21. ^ Miguel Amunátegui: Descubrimiento i conquista de Chile - Pedro de Valdivia. 1913, p. 232.
  22. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 207.
  23. ↑ Tomás Thayer Ojeda: RCH. 15, 1914, p. 383.
  24. ^ Claudio Gay: Historia de Chile. 1844. Volume 1, p. 167.
  25. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 209.
  26. ^ A b Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 210.
  27. ^ Justin Winsor: Narrative and Critical History of America. Volume 2, p. 531.
  28. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 97.
  29. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 105.
  30. ^ Miguel Amunátegui: Descubrimiento i conquista de Chile - Pedro de Valdivia. 1913, pp. 238-247.
  31. ^ Miguel Amunátegui: Descubrimiento i conquista de Chile - Pedro de Valdivia. 1913, pp. 247-256.
  32. ^ A b Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 235.
  33. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 233 f.
  34. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 243.
  35. ^ Diego Barros Arana: Historia general de Chile. Volume 1. 2000, p. 244.
  36. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 648.
  37. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 655.
  38. ↑ José Toribio Medina: Diccionario biográfico colonial de Chile. P. 651.
  39. ↑ Tomás Thayer Ojeda: RCH. 15, 1914, p. 407.
personal data
SURNAME Pastene, Juan Bautista
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pastene, Juan Bautista de (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Italian sea captain and conquistador in Spanish service
DATE OF BIRTH around 1507
PLACE OF BIRTH Genoa , Italy
DATE OF DEATH around 1581
Place of death Santiago de Chile