Peter Kosler

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Peter Kosler (1824–1879)

Peter Kosler , Slovene also Kozler (born February 16, 1824 in Kotschen near Rieg , Slov. Koče pri Kočevski Reki, in the Gottscheer Land ; † April 16, 1879 in Laibach ) was a German-born notary , businessman and politician who worked in early years also under the pseudonym P. Slemenski was politically active, despite his Gottscheer origins , identified himself completely with the Slovene culture all his life and advocated at least equal coexistence of Slovene and German culture in Carniola .

Live and act

Kosler's birthplace in Koče

The Gottscheer-German Peter Kosler, son of Johann Kosler and his wife Maria, b. Seemann, came from a village in the south of the town of Gottschee (Slov. Kočevje ) in the "Gottscheer Ländchen", a now almost extinct German- language island with over 20,000 Germans in the middle of a closed Slovene-speaking area in the Lower Carniola . At birth the Gottschee, the 1792 to a nominal Duchy of princes was Auersperg was raised, a part of the Kingdom of Illyria in the Empire of Austria , in 1849 she was in Cisleithanian Crown Land Krain of 1867 kuk Dual Monarchy , today it is as Kočevska or Kočevska a Landscape of the Republic of Slovenia .

Kosler studied law in Vienna in the last years of Vormärz and was so infected by the outrage among young, liberal intellectuals about Metternich's Habsburg "people's dungeon" that he later, after he had passed the judge's examination in Vienna in 1848, and passed a Slovenian one Had worked in a law firm, worked as a lawyer and notary as well as a member of the Slovenian party in the state parliament , whereas his brother Johann represented the German party there for ten years. His brochure The Program of the Left of the Austrian Reichstag attracted considerable attention from like-minded people from other ethnic groups in the monarchy . from 1849, which was subsequently referred to in a number of other writings. His efforts to be elected for the “Young Slovene Party” in the first Austrian Reichsrat to be directly elected failed, however. His views were all too radical for the Slovenian Carniolan people, who preferred an aristocratic "old Slovenian" to him.

Kosler's "Map of the Slovene Land", 1853
Cekinov Grad, Kosler's Palais in Tivoli, Ljubljana, today the Museum of Modern History

Kosler's fame is based primarily on the first map he created of an area that, in his opinion, belongs to the Slovenian nation. He allegedly tackled this map with the title Zemljovid Slovenske dežele in pokrajin ("A map of the Slovenian country and the regions") on a scale of 1: 576,000 in the course of the spring of nations in the revolutionary year of 1848 , but it was not included in an almanac until 1854 published the title Kratek slovenski zemljopis ("Short Slovenian Geography"), the first atlas with exclusively Slovenian topographical names ( toponyms ). A conspicuous line on Kosler's map shows the border of the area he declared to be the ethnic settlement area of ​​the Slovenes . The almanac was immediately confiscated by the Austrian military authorities with the instruction that "... those already finished copies that Peter Kosler himself presented to the highest police authority must be withdrawn from any possible distribution." Kosler also wandered into custody for a short time because he had done for the Slovenian population what Germany had done again and again before and after: the omission of all place names in a second, customary language.

The fact that Kosler also signed a petition for a “United Slovenia” in a federal state to be established Austria and that the required area was shown “as a Slovenian state with the colors of the Slovenian flag” on his map was a problem for the authorities in the aftermath of the national uprisings In the monarchy it was too far, so that in line with the neo-absolute policy of the interior and justice minister Alexander von Bach , who called for a central state regardless of the various ethnic groups. Only after the February patent of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1861 did the almanac with Kosler's card come to the public, which was positively received by Slovenes with national sentiments, but was considered a cause of provocations in German-national circles. The map with its monolingual Slovene place names served to underpin Slovene national demands for the next hundred years.

Kosler, who was born into a relatively wealthy family and from 1827 even lived in a castle (Ortenegg Castle, Slov. Ortnek) acquired by his father in 1820, “ was not just a Gottschee German. He was a lawyer, physicist, notary, politician, initiator of the industrialization of Krain and became chairman of the Slovenian Statistical Society and was also an internationally respected geographer. ” He became extremely wealthy through brewing: With his siblings he founded on January 1st, 1867, one of his father's The Kosler brothers brewery , the predecessor of the Ljubljana UNION brewery , the largest in the country, and remained its engine until the end of its life. One visitor described the newly built Kosler brewery of the “fellow interested party” as a “wonderful establishment”. Peter Kosler ". From his fortune he then dedicated considerable sums of money to Slovenian cultural associations and institutions, became vice-president of the national printing company and, in 1869, also chairman-deputy of the national scientific association Slovenska matica , which was established in 1864 , to which he gave the copperplate on his map and left all copyrights. He acquired a palace (originally: Leopoldsruhe ) built by Count Leopold Lamberg for his son in 1752–1755 not far from downtown Ljubljana on the edge of Tivoli Park, which he renovated in a neo-classical style. Today the building, which has now received its late Baroque facade, houses Slovenia's Museum of Modern History. Another palace in the center, which he acquired, was considered one of the most beautiful baroque buildings in the city. When it fell victim to a road widening in the 1960s, this resulted in a public storm of protest; However, the demolition was also a milestone in the urban development of Ljubljana after the Second World War. On another reality Koslers in the marshland of the Ljubljana Moors ( Slovenian Ljubljansko Barje as "Koslers jungle" or "thicket" was known), they found a mass grave from the Second World War with victims of Domobranzen , the Slovenian Home Guard. On the other hand, two mass graves for murdered Domobranzen and White Guards were found in Kosler's homeland, the Gottschee, in the Hornwald ( Kočevski Rog in Slovenian ): one under the horseradish and one near Macesnova gorica.

The area of ​​the German language island Gottschee in the Austrian crown land of Krain, 1878

family

  • Wife: Maria, née Sormann
  • Sons: Johann and Peter
  • Daughters: Emma, ​​Maria and Olga
  • Brothers: Johann and Josef
  • Sister: Maria, married Obresa

Peter Kosler Association

In 1994 a "Peter Kosler Association" of so-called "old settlers" was established, which was entered in the register of associations at the Ministry of Internal Affairs on September 19, 1994 under the number 1164 under Slovenian association law. The members of the association live in Ljubljana and in the town of Gottschee and its surroundings, the former settlement area.

The goals of the association are in the spirit of Peter Kosler according to § 10 of the association statutes:

  • to preserve the Slovenian, German and Gottscheer cultural heritage and to secure it for future generations,
  • advocate overcoming prejudices,
  • to preserve and promote the Gottscheer tradition,
  • to respect fundamental human rights and to stand up for the elimination of any injustices,
  • to respect the economic and cultural development of the state and its basic democratic order.

The "Association Peter Kosler", however, accused by other club side, he had as an association of Slovenians declared and will have nothing to do with the minority .

Kosler's greatest wish, a national Slovene state for the Slovene people, has already been fulfilled, albeit not within the limits that he had shown on his map. On the other hand, the Slovenian language and culture have gained the upper hand and the German element has almost completely disappeared in the course of the historical events of the 20th century.

Kosler's publications

  • Peter Kosler: The program of the left of the Austrian Reichstag with regard to Slovenian and Italian Austria . Austria, Juridisch-Politischer Reading Association. Mechitharist printing press, Vienna 1849.
  • PK (di Peter Kosler): Feuilleton. The Slovenes in Hungary . In: Johann Hladnik (Red.): Illyrisches Blatt. Journal of Fatherland, Art, Science, and Social Life . Kleinmayr, Laibach 1849, ZDB -ID 2439140-2 , edition No. 36, May 5, 1849, p. 143 f. - Online (PDF) .
  • P. Slemenski (di Peter Kosler): The Slovenes in Italy . In: Johann Hladnik (Red.): Illyrisches Blatt. Journal of Fatherland, Art, Science, and Social Life . Kleinmayr, Laibach 1849, ZDB-ID 2439140-2.
    • Part 1/2. Issue No. 35, May 1, 1849, pp. 137 f. - Online (PDF) .
    • Part 2/2. Issue No. 36, May 5, 1849, pp. 141 f. - Online (PDF) .
  • P. Slemenski: Slovenski na Ogerskim ("The Slovenes in Hungary"), article in four issues of the journal of the Slovenija Association , Vienna 1849.
  • Peter Kozler, Anton Knorr: Zemljovid Slovenske Dežele in Pokrajin . (Map of the Slovenian countries and regions) . Scale 1: 576,000. Sn, sl 1853.
  • Peter Kozler: Kratek slovenski zemljopis in pregled politicne in pravosodne razdelitve Ilirskega . (Brief Slovenian geography and overview of the political and judicial division of Illyria and Styria). (Slovenian). Verlag Leopold Sommer, Dunaj (di Vienna) 1854.
  • Peter Kozler: Imenik mest, tergov in krajov zapopadenih v zemljovidu slovenske dezele . (List of cities, markets and landscapes shown on the map of Slovenia). (Slovenian). Mechitarists, Vienna 1864.
  • Peter Kozler: Instructions for setting up good water tanks . Sn, Laibach 1879.

literature

  • Constantin von Wurzbach : Kozler, Peter . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 13th part. Imperial-Royal Court and State Printing Office, Vienna 1865, p. 64 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • (Obituary). Fr (to) Levec: Listek. Peter Kozler. † . In: Slovenski narod . (Slovenian). Laibach 1879, XII. Year, ZDB -ID 2416244-9 .
    • Part 1/3. April 23, 1879, No. 92/1879, running page 1 ff. - Online (PDF) .
    • Part 2/3. April 24, 1879, No. 93/1879, running page 2 f. - Online (PDF) .
    • Part 3/3. April 25, 1879, No. 94/1879, page 1 ff. - Online (PDF) .
  • (100 year commemoration). Stoletnica Petra Kozlerja . In: Slovenski narod . (Slovenian). February 29, 1924, No. 50/1924 (LVII. Volume), Laibach 1924, ZDB-ID 2416244-9, p. 3 - Online (PDF) .
  • Prašelj:  Kosler, Peter. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 4, Publishing House of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1969, p. 146 f. (Direct links on p. 146 , p. 147 ).
  • Peter Kozler . In: Slovenski biografski leksikon . Zadružna Gospodarska Banka, Laibach 1987, p. 543 (Slovenian)
  • Johannes Dörflinger , Helga Hühnel: Atlantes Austriaci . Volume 1, Volume 1: Austrian Atlases 1561–1918 . Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1995, ISBN 3-205-98396-3 .
  • Ivan Kordiš, Irena Škufca: Peter Kozler in prvi zemljevid slovenskega ozemlja. "Po hribih, po dolih razširjen njih rod" . (Parallel title: Peter Kozler and the first map of the Slovenian area ). Muzej Kočevje, Kočevje (Gottschee) 1996, ISBN 961-90045-3-1 . (Slovenian and German, with Kosler bibliography and bibliography, pp. 62–64)
  • Mimi Urbanc, Jerneja Fridl, Drago Kladnik, Drago Perko: ATLANT and Slovene National Consciousness in the Second Half of the 19th Century = ATLANT in slovenska nacionalna zavest v 2. polovici 19. stoletja. In: Acta geographica Slovenica vol. 46-2 (2006) pp. 251–283 (about Kozler pp. 256–257 and 274) full text (PDF; 366 kB; English and Slovenian)

Web links

Commons : Peter Kosler  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ivan Kordiš, Irena Škufca et al .: Peter Kozler in prvi zemljevid slovenskega ozemlja / Peter Kozler and the first map of the Slovenian area . Muzej Kočevje, Kočevje (Gottschee) 1996, slow. P. 19, German p. 46
  2. ↑ Rudolf A. Fröhlich (ed.): Historical-ethnographic-statistical explanations on the latest national and Language map of the Austrian imperial states u. the adjoining parts, with precise details of the individual language families . Bookstore Albert A. Wenedikt, Vienna 1849, p. 59
  3. ^ Arnold Luschin von Ebengreuth: Styria cut into pieces: two memorials . Buchhandlung Moser, 1921, pp. 71, 95f.
  4. ↑ Hans Lemberg (ed.): Educational history, population history, social history in the Bohemian countries and in Europe: Festschrift for Jan Havránek on the 60th birthday . Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for East and Southeast Europe 14 (1967). Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1988. ISBN 3-7028-0280-0 , p. 142.
  5. ^ Peter Kosler: The program of the left of the Austrian Reichstag with regard to Slovenian and Italian Austria . In: Austria - Juridisch-Politischer Leseverein . Mechitharist printing press, Vienna 1849
  6. ↑ Bidermann, Fröhlich, s. "Literature"
  7. ↑ Ivan Kordiš, Irena Škufca et al .: Peter Kozler in prvi zemljevid slovenskega ozemlja / Peter Kozler and the first map of the Slovenian area . Muzej Kočevje, Kočevje (Gottschee) 1996, p. 11
  8. ^ Gerhard Werner: Language and Volkstum in Lower Styria . Research on German regional and folklore 31 (1935) volume 3. J. Engelhorns Nfg., Stuttgart 1935, p. 67. Vincenc Rajšp: The Josephinische Landesaufnahme as a historical source. In: Brigitta Merta, Andrea Sommerlechner, Herwig Weigl: From the benefit of editing . (= Files from the international congress on the 150th anniversary of the Institute for Austrian Historical Research). Vienna, 3. – 5. June 2004. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-486-57860-X , pp. 277–284, p. 278, note 3.
  9. ↑ Letopis . Edited by the Slovenska Matica Association , Laibach 1879, p. 106
  10. ↑ see e.g. Krain in Stieler's General Hand Atlas from 1891,
    or
    from the 17th century Valvasor's engraving from Krain, the Windische Mark and Istrien Tabula Ducatus Carniolae, Vindorum Marchiae et Histrien
  11. ^ According to the Slovenian President Janez Drnovšek at a reception for the Peter Kosler Association in Ljubljana on September 1st, 2007
  12. ↑ Mimi Urbanc, Jerneja Fridl, Drago Kladnik, Drago Perko: ATLANT and Slovene National Consciousness in the Second Half of the 19th Century - ATLANT in slovenska nacionalna zavest v 2. polovici stoletja . ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 375 kB) In: Acta geographica Slovenica , 46-2, 2006, pp. 251–283, p. 259 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / giam.zrc-sazu.si
  13. ^ Quote from the Slovenian President
  14. ↑ Edict. (...) The Kosler brothers . In: Intellektivenblatt zur Laibacher Zeitung No. 40 , Official Gazette to the Laibacher Zeitung No. 40 , February 18, 1867, p. 262, online (PDF) .
  15. ^ Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Berg- und Hüttenwesen . 16, Manz'sche Buchhandlung, Vienna 1868, p. 37 ( Google Books ).
  16. ^ Gregor Moder (Ed.): A guide to the museums of Slovenia . Association of Museums of Slovenia, Ljubljana 1993, p. 50.
  17. ^ Museum of Modern History
  18. ↑ Gottschee.de/Tourismus/Sätze
  19. ↑ Primož Debenjak, permanent representative of the Gottscheer Altsiedlerverein in the association of cultural associations of the German-speaking ethnic group in Slovenia at FUEN - Federal Union of European Ethnic Groups. In: Samo Kristen (INV, Ljubljana): The Identity Management of German Cultural Associations in Slovenia, Slavonia and Vojvodina. In: TRANS. Internet journal for cultural studies . No. 16/2005.
  20. ↑ Proof of ÖNB .
  21. ^ Norm data DNB .

Remarks

  1. ↑ Even if stated frequently, Kosler, unlike his two years older brother Josef (1822–1917), probably did not have a doctorate. - Please refer:
    • (Nada) Prašelj:  Kosler, Peter. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 4, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1969, p. 146.,
    • Edict. (...) The Kosler brothers . In: Intellektivenblatt zur Laibacher Zeitung No. 40 , Official Gazette to the Laibacher Zeitung No. 40 , February 18, 1867, p. 262, online (PDF) ,
    • Family parte in Ljubljana newspaper , April 17, 1879 no. 87/1879, p 742, online (PDF) ,
    • Thanks . In: Laibacher Zeitung , April 21, 1879, No. 90/1879, p. 770, online (PDF) .
  2. ↑ Various literature names the year of construction 1720. - See: J (ohann) Vrhovec: The Wohllöbl (iche) landesfürstl (iche) capital Ljubljana . Self-published, Laibach 1886, p. 192, online .
  3. ↑ Information on the family from: Parte in Laibacher Zeitung , April 17, 1879, No. 87/1879, p. 742, online (PDF) .
personal data
SURNAME Kosler, Peter
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kozler, Peter; Slemenski, P.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Slovenian topographer
DATE OF BIRTH February 16, 1824
PLACE OF BIRTH Kočeim Gottscheer Land , Slovenia
DATE OF DEATH April 16, 1879
Place of death Laibach