Gottscheer

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The area of ​​the German language island Gottschee in the Austrian crown land of Krain, 1878.
Old seal of the town of Gottschee from 1471

As Gottscheers ( Göttscheabar , majority Göttscheabarə , Slovenian : Kočevarji ) the former is German-speaking population of the Gottschee ( Kočevska ) in the Duchy of Krain (today Slovenia ) referred to a German linguistic island , the center of the town Gottschee ( Göttscheab , Slovenian Kočevje was). The settlement area covered an area of ​​approximately 860 km² with 177 villages. The Gottscheers, who lived partly as farmers from agriculture, partly as traveling shopkeepers in very simple circumstances, retained their ancient Upper German dialect , the Gottscheer dialect , for six centuries until they were relocated under the National Socialists in 1941.

history

Gottscheer, from " Honor of the Duchy of Carniola " (Laibach and Nuremberg 1689) by Johann Weichard Valvasor
City and Castle Gottschee, in the background Friedrichstein Castle, from "Honor of the Duchy of Carniola" (Laibach and Nuremberg 1689) by Johann Weichard Valvasor

In 1247 the Patriarch of Aquileia , Berthold von Andechs , transferred the area from Reifnitz to Lower Carniola, including the primeval forest area of ​​the later Gottschee , to the Upper Carinthian Count von Ortenburg as a fief . On June 24, 1336, the Patriarch of Aquileja Bertram enfeoffed his vassal Otto V. von Ortenburg and his nephew with the castles Ortenegg , Zobelsberg and Grafenwarth ( Kostel ) "with all affiliations, jurisdictions, rights and uses of the same, like the Counts of Ortenburg from time immemorial have borne fiefdom from the Church of Aquileja. "

In the period from 1330 to the end of the 14th century, German farmers from Carinthia and East Tyrol were settled in the Gottschee area by the House of Ortenburg . Mooswald was the first German town to be mentioned in a letter from Patriarch Bertram on September 1, 1339. With this letter, the Patriarch approved Count Otto V to appoint a chaplain in the newly built chapel of St. Bartholomäus in "villa Mooswald" as an exposition to the parish of Reifnitz. The name Mooswald is of Carinthian origin. On May 1, 1363, in Udine, in a document from Patriarch Ludwig I della Torre, Otto VI, a nephew of Otto V, approved five pastors: "Gotsche, Pölan, Costel, Ossiwniz et Goteniz" ( Gottschee , Pölland , Kostel , Ossilnitz and Göttenitz ). Here it says: “It came to the knowledge of the Patriarch Louis at the Holy See at Aquileja that within the boundaries of the pastoral care station of St. Stefan von Reifnitz, in his pastoral care or parish, in certain groves and forests that were uninhabitable and undeveloped, many human dwellings were built, these groves and forests were used for agriculture and that a not inconsiderable number of people came to live in them. “In 1377 the town of Gotschee was elevated to a market. In 1406 Friedrich III. von Ortenburg gave the Gottscheer farmers the right to use the dominant forest in a forest law ("forest justified ").

In 1418/22 the Gottschee came to the Counts of Cilli when the Ortenburgers went out . After the murder of the last Cillier Ulrich II. In 1456, the Gottschee came to the Habsburgs in 1457 as a result of an inheritance contract .

In 1469 the Gottschee market was destroyed by the Turks, but was rebuilt and fortified in the following years. In 1471 the Gottschee market was opened by Emperor Friedrich III. raised to the city.

On October 23, 1492, Emperor Friedrich III. the Gottscheers and Reifnitzern the peddler patent, which was to be valid until 1918. In the following centuries Gottscheers lived from trading in linen, wooden utensils and other products made in the Gottschee.

In 1507 the Gottschee was pledged to Count Jörg von Thurn (Jurij Turn), whose keeper Stersen (Jurij Stržen) made himself hated for his relentless collection of interest. In March 1515, the Gottscheer farmers rose against the landlords and killed Thurn and Stersen. The uprising, later known as the Windischer Bauernkrieg , spread across Carniola, Carinthia and Styria. In August 1515 the uprising was put down.

In 1524 the Gottschee was bought by Hans Ungnad, but in 1547 it was pledged to the Croatian Counts of Blagay . The Gottscheer family names go back to "-ić" or "-itsch", so Jaklitsch (Jaklić), Michitsch (Mihić) and Gasparitsch (Gašparić).

In 1618 the Gottschee came to the Baron von Khysel and in 1622 was elevated to a county . In 1641 his adopted son, Count Zwickel, called Khysel, sold the County of Gottschee to Count Wolf Engelbrecht von Auersperg . Before 1677, Prince Johann Weikhard von Auersperg raised the county to Fidei commission. In 1791 Emperor Leopold II made Gottschee a duchy and Karl Josef Anton von Auersperg its duke.

From 1809 to 1814 the Gottschee was under the rule of Napoleon and, as part of Carniola, belonged to the Illyrian provinces . Then the rule of the Habsburgs was restored. In 1848 serfdom was abolished. In 1872 the grammar school was founded in the town of Gottschee. In 1882 the woodworking college was founded. In 1893 the Gottschee was connected to the railway network through the construction of a branch line from Ljubljana . In 1894 the Auersperger built a sawmill in the Hornwald , which soon afterwards employed 400 workers. The plant was connected to a narrow-gauge railway that also opened up parts of the horn forest with its forests.

Between 1869 and 1878 the number of Gottscheers peaked at around 26,000. Poverty drove very many to emigrate to the USA. After 1918 there was political pressure against the German minority in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . The number of Gottscheer Germans in 1941 was only 12,500.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Like the other schools, the Gottschee grammar school switched to the Slovenian language of instruction in 1918 and has not taught in German since then.
Remnants of the Hornwaldbahn, which was demolished in 1938

With the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918, later Yugoslavia , the Gottscheers became an ethnic minority . The German place names in the Gottschee were officially replaced by Slovenian names. By government decree of November 16, 1918, Slovene was introduced as the only permitted language of instruction in the previously German-speaking elementary schools, grammar schools, secondary schools and secondary schools . Parallel classes with German as the language of instruction were allowed, but no children with a Slavic family name were allowed to take part. At least 40 registered registrations were required for a German-speaking class train. As a result, the high school in Gottschee also switched to Slovene as the language of instruction in all classes. Slovenian also became the main language at all elementary schools in Gottschee. Austrian civil servants, teachers and professors of German nationality were dismissed by ordinance of December 16, 1918. The woodworking school was closed. In 1935 there were only 21 German-speaking classes or partial classes in Gottschee, with a total of 37 schools.

As part of the land reform (Agricultural Ordinance 1921 and Law 1931), around 17,600 of the 23,500 hectares of land owned by Prince Karl Maria Alexander von Auersperg were expropriated. However, the expropriated woodland was not distributed to residents of the Gottschee, but to Slovenian communities outside the Gottschee. The Auersperg sawmill was closed in 1932 and the forest workers lost their jobs. As a result, the sawmill, the associated houses and the narrow-gauge railway in the Hornwald fell into disrepair. In 1938 the facilities were blown up and removed.

Gottscheer worked in the organizations of the German minority in Yugoslavia, such as the pastor Josef Eppich from Mitterdorf bei Gottschee and the Gottscheer lawyer Hans Arko in the "Political and Economic Association of Germans in Slovenia" founded in 1924 and banned in 1929 and in Swabian, which was re-approved in 1931 -German Cultural Association . Ethnic Germans were also members of the Yugoslav ruling party and campaigned, among other things, for German-speaking parallel classes in the Gottschee, but Interior Minister Anton Korošec was not prepared to make any concessions. Increasing National Socialist agitation, for example by the Austrian engineer Walter Neunteufel , was answered with bans against the local groups of the Kulturbund in Gottschee. Under these conditions, the National Socialist propaganda enjoyed increasing support. In May 1939, the National Socialists succeeded in taking control of the Kulturbund.

The resettlement of the South Tyrolean and Kanaltaler from Italy to the German Reich from August 1939 and, in particular, the beginning of the Second World War , which was followed by further resettlements of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe " home to the Reich ", triggered panic among the Yugoslav Germans about an upcoming resettlement. After the Kulturbund was re-admitted at the end of 1939 - allegedly in return for relief for the Carinthian Slovenes - the Gottscheer National Socialist Wilhelm Lampeter began to build the Gottschee team from the male members of the Kulturbund between 18 and 50 years of age in the Gottschee, which was organized locally in “storms” . Lampeter's deputy was youth leader Richard Lackner .

Second World War

Gottschee family affected by the resettlement in an ID card in Gottschee, 1941
Measles (Grčarice) in the Gottschee: House of the Gottscheer Rudolf Tschinkel, in which partisans destroyed a base of the Yugoslav army in the fatherland in September 1943 .
House in Obertappelwerch (Komarna vas), the only building remaining in the destroyed village. Today it is almost in ruins. During the Second World War it served as the administrative headquarters of the Central Partisan Hospital.
Preserved Gottscheer tombstones in the Nesseltal (Koprivnik) cemetery.

After the attack by the Axis powers on Yugoslavia ( Balkan campaign ) on April 6, 1941, the “storms” of the “Gottscheer Crew” took control of the Gottschee and awaited the entry of the Wehrmacht. On April 13th, Wilhelm Lampeter took his official seat in the Auersperger castle in the town of Gottschee as a self-appointed district captain. However, the Gottscheer Land was occupied by the Italian army and part of the newly formed Italian province of Laibach , Lampeter was deposed on April 23. In a resettlement agreement between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini , which came into force on October 1, 1941, the resettlement of the Gottscheers to the Greater German Reich was decided. The "Gottscheer team" with their organization reaching into every village took on the task of implementing the resettlement across the board. The abandoned property of the Gottscheers should go to the Italian state settlement company EMONA. The so-called “Rann triangle” on the Sava , the Gurkfeld / Krško , Rann / Brežice , Lichtenwald / Sevnica and Ratschach / Radeče areas in Lower Styria (occupied area of ​​the German Wehrmacht , CdZ area Lower Styria ) was defined as the new settlement area for the Gottscheers . Before that, around 36,100 Slovenes had been deported to Germany from these areas . If the "ethnic cleansing" in Lower Styria mainly affected members of the educated classes (teachers, clergy, lawyers) who could be considered as carriers of a national Slovene idea, then in the "Rann triangle" all classes were affected outweighed by farmers and winemakers. Their expropriated farms were taken over by the "ethnic German" Gottscheers. In addition to Gottscheers, ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, including Bessarabian Germans and Dobrudscha Germans , were also settled here.

The National Socialists obtained the Gottscheers' written consent for the resettlement, using a combination of persuasion, promises and threats. While the National Socialist " ethnic group leadership " of the Gottscheers was made aware of the plans of the National Socialists to relocate the Gottscheers to German-occupied areas of Slovenia, most of the Gottscheers were told that they would be relocated to the "German Reich". Older people in particular initially resisted. The National Socialist officials threatened the unwilling, among other things, that the Italians would relocate them to Sicily or Abyssinia. The majority of the clergy were in clear opposition to resettlement, such as Josef Eppich in Mitterdorf , August Schauer in Nesseltal , Josef Kraker in Rieg and Josef Gliebe in Göttenitz . In the end, 11,506 people, about 95% of Gottscheer's Germans, were persuaded to resettle. On November 14, 1941, the first train with Gottschee resettlers left Gottschee station. After news about the actual settlement area had spread, there was initially still passive resistance in places, but unwilling people could be persuaded to relocate by pointing out that the house and farm no longer belonged to them, but to the Italian EMONA.

On January 26, 1942, the last train with Gottscheer resettlers drove from Gottschee to Rann. Only around 5000 people, mostly Slovenes and around 600 Gottscheer Germans, remained in the Gottscheer Land. The Italian authorities initially planned a settlement with Slovenes from other areas of the Italian sphere of influence, but this failed due to the lack of interest. Plans to settle with Italians followed, but they had to be abandoned due to the war. The largely deserted area became a refuge for Slovenian partisans . As early as the beginning of May 1942, partisan units began to spontaneously expel the remaining Gottscheers from three villages. An order of the OF leadership of May 27, 1942 provided for the expulsion of all remaining Gottscheer Germans, but local units of the OF tolerated the presence of Gottscheers. A total of eight Gottscheers were executed during this time.

Among the Gottscheer Germans who stayed behind, a high proportion, 56 in total, joined the partisans, and a further 27 were OF activists.

In August 1942, almost a hundred Gottscheer villages were deliberately destroyed in an offensive by the Italians against the partisans. The aim here was not to give the partisans any shelter. The economic activities of the Italians were now limited to the logging along the main traffic routes.

End of war

In 1945 almost all Gottscheers had to flee or were expelled due to the AVNOJ resolutions . The Gottscheers in the Slovenian farms in the “Rann triangle” were already completely expelled in the summer of 1945 or housed in internment camps, especially in the Sterntal camp and in Tüchern , where many of them died. Some families tried to return to Gottschee, but were prevented from doing so by the new authorities. In individual cases, Gottscheer partisans returned home and found that their German-speaking families had been evicted.

It is difficult to determine the number of Gottscheers who remained in their homeland at the end of the war. The OZNA counted 110 Germans in this area - a number that did not include the Gottscheers who were expelled from here at the time - but it can be assumed that hardly anyone voluntarily declared themselves Gottscheer Germans. Zdravko Troha speaks of around 310 Germans remaining in Gottscheer Land. The security authorities in the districts of Dolenjske Toplice and Kočevje proceeded differently: While the Gottscheer areas in the Dolenjske Toplice district were largely under the control of the partisans, the Wehrmacht had a base in the town of Gottschee. The Gottscheers in the Dolenjske Toplice district were classified by the local authorities as sympathizers of the partisans, whereas in the Kočevje district they were classified as “Kulturbund people”. As a result, more than 40 Gottscheer Germans were expelled from the Kočevje district to Austria in 1945 and 1946. In the Gottscheer settlement area belonging to the Dolenjske Toplice district, in the valley between Kočevske Poljane (Pöllandl) and Črmošnjice (Tschermoschnitz), however, many families remained whose descendants still live there today.

Destruction of the cultural heritage

Church tower in the abandoned Gottscheer village Tappelwerch - the only remaining building. The roof was renewed with funds from the South Tyrolean Raiffeisenbank.

After the Second World War, a largely depopulated landscape remained, which was only partially populated by Slovenes and new settlers from other republics of Yugoslavia. Of the depopulated and destroyed towns (177 in total), 112 were not rebuilt; Only 28 of the 123 churches are still standing. Some of the church buildings were deliberately destroyed in the 1950s. The majority of the 38 cemeteries were leveled or the gravestones with German inscriptions removed. Gravestones with German inscriptions have only been preserved in ten cemeteries, including Kočevske Poljane (Pöllandl), Koprivnik (Nesseltal), Mozelj (Mösel) and Dolga vas (Grafenfeld). In the area of Gotenica (Göttenitz) and Kočevska Reka (Rieg), from which all residents were resettled in 1948 to create a restricted military area, all the churches and chapels were demolished, although some of them were still completely intact.

Socialist Yugoslavia

In total, only about a thousand Gottscheers remained in Slovenia, only a few hundred of them in the Gottscheer Land. Most of the Gottscheer families still live in the Moschnitze valley between Kočevske Poljane (Pöllandl) and Črmošnjice (Tschermoschnitz). Although the families living here had worked with the partisans, they were suspected of being Germans and were monitored by the UDBA until at least 1986 . There were also no lessons in German. In this climate, the Gottscheer dialect was only passed on to the next generation in exceptional cases, so that Slovene became the colloquial language within the family.

Today's situation for the Gottscheers in Slovenia

Center of the Gottscheer Old Settlers Association in Krapflern ( Občice )
Altsag ( Stare Žage ): one of the six villages in which Gottscheer families still live
Altsag (Stare Žage): traditional Gottscheer house with a corridor
Nesseltal (Koprivnik): Museum of the Facility for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage Nesseltal, directed by Matjaž Matko

An unknown number of Gottscheer descendants live in Slovenia today. Of these, however, only very few refer to themselves as “Germans” or “Gottscheers” in censuses. In a survey conducted as part of a dissertation in 2007, out of 16 Gottscheers surveyed in Slovenia, eleven described themselves as “Slovenes” with regard to their “nationality”, three as “Gottscheers” and only one person as “German”. Due to the strong social and political pressure in Yugoslavia, the Gottscheers have largely absorbed into the Slovenian population today. The Gottscheer dialect is only spoken by a few, mostly old people, and they too use Slovenian on most occasions.

To this day, the commitment to Gottscheer origin and culture in the region is sometimes associated with discrimination, and isolated private bilingual boards are the target of vandalism.

Gottscheer associations in Slovenia

Today in Slovenia there are five organizations of Gottscheers or Gottscheer Germans and their descendants. The in Ljubljana (1994 Ljubljana founded) Association Peter Kosler , now based in Gottschee / Kočevje has to get the goal that Slovenian, German and Gottscheer literary heritage of the Gottschee region. The Gottscheer Altsiedlerverein , founded in 1992 in Pöllandl ( Kočevske Poljane , Dolenjske Toplice municipality ), on the other hand, sees itself as an organization of the German minority and operates a meeting place in the village of Krapflern ( Občice , Dolenjske Toplice municipality), where it is also based. There are now three other Gottscheer cultural associations in Slovenia: the facility for the preservation of the Moschnitze cultural heritage (Zavod za ohranitev kulturne dediščine) with the Schauer Hall in Pöllandl, the cultural-tourist association under the Gutenberg (Turistično društvo pod Srebotnikom) with the chairman Urška Kop from Krapflern and the facility for the preservation of the cultural heritage Nesseltal (Zavod za ohranitev kulturne dediščine Nesseltal Koprivnik) with a museum and an apartment for 5 people.

No recognition as an ethnic minority

Slovenia does not grant the Gottscheers and, in contrast to Croatia, also the ethnic Germans as a whole, no minority protection according to the Copenhagen CSCE Conference of 1990 , so that the Gottscheers receive no special financial or other support. There are no German-language or bilingual lessons which, due to school legislation, are only intended for the recognized “autochthonous” minorities (Italians and Hungarians).

In 2007 the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe recommended that the Slovenian authorities “work with the speakers to determine the areas in which German and Croatian are traditionally spoken in Slovenia” and to apply Part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to German and Croatian . The Gottscheers Altsiedlerverein stresses that in the villages Pöllandl / Kočevske Poljane , Krapf learning / Občice , Altsag / Zage Stare , small bar / Mali Rigelj , Büchel / Hrib (municipality Töplitz / Dolenjske Toplice ) Tschermoschnitz / Črmošnjice and Mitterndorf / Srednja vas (municipality Semich / Semič ) autochthonous God grant Scheer and also proposes the establishment of bilingual kindergartens in Pöllandl or donut learning before, the introduction of German as a second language or a second language at the two primary schools in Dolenjske Toplice and Semič. An "independent committee of experts" criticized this in 2010 for the fact that Slovenia had not defined any areas with German or Croatian minority languages. The German language is largely absent from public life in Slovenia; Nor is there an educational model for German as a regional or minority language. The German language is not represented on radio and television and receives only limited financial support from the Slovenian authorities.

In 2013, the Austrian Federal President Heinz Fischer visited the Gottschee region on the occasion of his state visit to Slovenia and met representatives of the German-speaking population group.

In 2004 the Gottscheer Altsiedlerverein in Krapflern / Občice merged with the cultural association of German-speaking women - bridges in Marburg / Maribor in an "Association of cultural associations of the German-speaking ethnic group in Slovenia". In a memorandum, the association calls for the Slovenian government to recognize the German minority. This association now includes a total of six German minority associations in Slovenia. The other four Gottscheer associations, on the other hand, founded a joint umbrella association of Gottscheer organizations (Zveza kočevarskih organizacij) with headquarters in Bistritz / Bistrica near Tschernembl / Črnomelj in 2013 . There has been repeated friction between the two associations.

Gottscheer emigrated

Gottscheer Chapel in Graz-Mariatrost (Austria)
Memorial stone 100 years of Gottscheer Landsmannschaft in Vienna , unveiled at the end of July 1991 not far from the bust of Gottscheer Josef Kollmann (1868–1951), Baden near Vienna , Gutenbrunner Strasse 1

Since the escape and expulsion of the Gottscheers who were resettled in the "Rann triangle" in 1945, the Gottscheers and their descendants have been scattered around the world. Most of them live in the USA, but there are also many in Canada, Austria and Germany.

Austria

The Gottscheers expelled from the "Rann triangle" first came to Austria in 1945, where they were mostly housed in refugee camps. Of the 3,000 or so who stayed in Austria, many settled in Carinthia , others in Styria . They founded three country teams that still exist today: Klagenfurt , Graz and Vienna . These have come together in the working group of the Gottscheer Landsmannschaften . In addition, there is the Gottscheer Memorial Association in Graz Maria-Trost , which maintains a memorial in Graz-Mariatrost (inaugurated on August 27, 1967). Pilgrimages are organized here every July.

Since 1955 the Gottscheer Landsmannschaft in Klagenfurt has published the Gottscheer Zeitung again, which has been published monthly since 1959.

In 1966 the high school supervisor Hermann Petschauer from Lichtenbach founded the so-called "Gottscheer Culture Week", which has been held annually from the end of July to the beginning of August in Krastowitz Castle near Klagenfurt.

Germany

About a thousand Gottscheers settled in Germany. Until the end of 2008 there was a nationwide Gottscheer compatriot, which was dissolved at the end of 2008. Since 1959 it consisted of the three regional groups Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and North-West.

United States

In the USA, immigrants from the Gottschee began to organize as early as the end of the 19th century. Many Gottscheers settled in Cleveland , which was also the destination of numerous Slovenian immigrants. The oldest Gottscheer Club in the USA, the Gottscheer Club of Cleveland, has its headquarters here to this day .

Another focus of the Gottscheer immigrants was New York , where many settled in the Glendale and Ridgewood districts in the borough of Queens , which were already influenced by German immigration . The Gottscheer Relief Association was founded here on April 15, 1945 with the aim of helping the homeless Gottscheers in Europe. In the following years, many immigrated from the Austrian refugee camps. Due to immigration quotas, it was only 2000 in the first two years, but a large number of the exiled Gottscheers followed by 1953, most of them in 1952.

In 1951 Gottscheer founded the football club Blau-Weiss Gottschee in New York , which rose to the top division of the German-American Soccer League in 1956 , at that time one of the germs and power cells of the United States Soccer Football Association . Gottschee won the league championship in 1963. The star player in the club's history is Willy Schaller , who took part with the USA in the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki and in 1959 the Pan American Games in Chicago and won the bronze medal in the latter competition. He was later inducted into the American Soccer Hall of Fame .

The Gottscheers who emigrated to the USA operate several websites and forums in which their own history is processed and which are used for genealogy.

Famous sons and daughters of the region

  • Karl Morré (born November 8, 1832 in Klagenfurt; † February 21, 1897 in Graz), from a Gottscheer merchant family. Well-known Austrian folk poet, playwright and politician.
  • Joseph Schleimer (born May 31, 1909 in Mississauga / Canada; † November 23, 1988 there), winner of a bronze medal at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin in free-style welterweight wrestling. Descendant of immigrants from Gottschee in Canada .

literature

  • Karl Julius Schröer: Dictionary of the dialect of Gottschee. Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing House, Vienna 1869/70. - (digitized version)
  • Adolf Hauffen : Gottschee, the German language island. History and dialect, living conditions, customs and traditions, legends, fairy tales and songs . Styria, Graz 1895. (Reprint: Georg Olms Verlag, 1979, ISBN 3-487-06711-0 ). - archive.org .
  • Hans Hermann Frensing: The resettlement of the Gottscheer Germans. The end of a south-east German ethnic group. (= Book series of the Southeast German Historical Commission, Volume 24, ZDB -ID 541487-8 ). Oldenbourg, Munich 1970. (At the same time dissertation, FU Berlin).
  • 640 years of Gottschee. Festschrift for the 640th anniversary of the Gottscheers, Sindelfingen 27./28. June 1970, Klagenfurt 1./2. August 1970 . Gottscheer Landsmannschaft in Germany (ed.), Ulm 1970, DNB .
  • Wilhelm Baum : Germans and Slovenes in Carniola. A historical consideration Carinthia, Klagenfurt 1981, ISBN 3-85378-184-5 .
  • Max Jaklitsch (Ed.) Among others: 35 years of the Gottscheer Landsmannschaft in Germany. Festschrift . Gottscheer Landsmannschaft in Germany, Weilheim in Upper Bavaria 1987, DNB .
  • Karl-Markus Gauß: The dying Europeans. Zsolnay, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-552-05158-9 , pp. 53-95.
  • Mitja Ferenc : Kočevska - pusta in prazna: nemško jezikovno območje na Kočevskem po odselitvi Nemcev. Modrijan, Ljubljana 2005, ISBN 961-241-072-0 .
  • Sandra Blum: The Gottscheers - on dealing with the memory of a German-speaking minority in Slovenia. In: Folklore in Rhineland-Palatinate. Information from the Society for Folklore in Rhineland-Palatinate e. V. ISSN  0938-2968 ; 24th year. Mainz 2009, pp. 151-160.
  • Georg Marschnig: Gottschee Global. History narratives and identity management in cyberspace . Dissertation. University of Vienna, Vienna 2010. - Full text online (PDF; 3.2 MB) .
  • Joachim Hösler (Hrsg.), Mitja Ferenc (Hrsg.): Searching for traces in the Gottschee. German-speaking settlers in Slovenia. German Cultural Forum for Eastern Europe, Potsdam 2011, ISBN 978-3-936168-53-2 .
  • Evelin Bader: "Home (go)". The meaning of home using the example of the expelled Gottscheer ethnic group from Slovenia . Thesis. Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt 2012. - Full text online (PDF; 0.9 MB) .
  • Jakob Grollitsch (Ed.): Europa Erlesen - Gottschee . Wieser Verlag, Klagenfurt 2013, ISBN 978-3-99029-075-0 .
  • Miha Praznik: The small Gottschee region from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the 1950s. A representation with consideration of life history interviews . Thesis. University of Graz, Graz 2013. - Full text online (PDF; 1.5 MB) .
  • Georg Lux, Helmuth Weichselbraun: Forgotten & Displaced - Dark Places in the Alps-Adriatic region . Styria Verlag, Vienna / Graz / Klagenfurt 2019, ISBN 978-3-222-13636-8 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Erich Petschauer: Jahrhundertbuch der Gottscheer, 1980 ( Memento from November 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.7 MB)
  2. ↑ a b Pokrajinski muzej Kočevje: Žaga Rog / The Hornwood Saw
  3. ↑ a b Enciklopedija Slovenije, Volume 5, entry "Kočevarji", p. 180. Mladinska Knjiga, Ljubljana 1991.
  4. ^ Arnold Suppan : Yugoslavia and Austria 1918–1938: Bilateral foreign policy in the European environment. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-486-56166-9 , p. 780.
  5. ↑ Pokrajinski muzej Kočevje: šolstvo / Education
  6. ^ Arnold Suppan (1996), p. 780.
  7. ^ Mathias Beer , Gerhard Seewann : Southeast research in the shadow of the Third Reich. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag 2004, p. 140.
  8. ^ Stefan Karner : Styria in the 20th century. 2nd Edition. Graz 2005, p. 231.
  9. ^ Mitja Ferenc: Kočevska: izgubljena kulturna dediščina kočevskih Nemcev. Ministrstvo za kulturo, Zavod Republike Slovenije za varstvo naravne in cultures dediščine. Ljubljana 1993, 31-37
  10. ↑ Mitja Ferenc (2005), 199 ff.
  11. ↑ Mitja Ferenc (2005), 269 f.
  12. ↑ a b Zdravko Troha: Kočevski Nemci - partizani ('The Gottscheers - Partisans'), Kočevje, Arhiv Slovenije. Slovensko kočevarsko društvo Peter Kosler, Ljubljana 2004, ISBN 961-91287-0-2 (Slovenian).
  13. ↑ Nemci, ki so bili partizani (book review: Germans who were partisans) In: Mladina . February 23, 2004.
  14. ↑ Pokrajinski muzej Kočevje: Vojno pustošenje / ravages of war
  15. ↑ Mitja Ferenc (2005), 203.
  16. ↑ Mitja Ferenc (2005), 281–287
  17. ↑ a b Pokrajinski muzej Kočevje: Vsi niso odšli / Not everyone left ( Memento from April 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ Mitja Ferenc (2005), 281 ff.
  19. ↑ a b Anja Moric: Usoda Kočevskih Nemcev - Ohranjanje identified kočevskih Nemcev. Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Ljubljani, 2007 (PDF; 571 kB), p. 45.
  20. ↑ Mitja Ferenc (2001): Kočevska, Bleak And Empty
  21. ↑ Mitja Ferenc: Povojna usoda sakralnih objektov na nekdanjem nemškem jezikovnem območju na Kočevskem. Kronika 49 (1-2), 123-140.
  22. ↑ Domen Caharijas: Kočevarji staroselci - Kultura po 700 letih na robu propada. Dnevnik from October 17, 2009 [Gottscheer old settlers - culture after 700 years on the verge of extinction, Slovenian]
  23. ↑ Gottscheer Altsiedlerverein (2002): Summary report on ongoing reports for the UDBA ( Memento from April 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ^ Supplement to the memorandum of the association chairman Gril. ( Memento from October 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Gottscheer Altsiedlerverein, Krapflern / Občice.
  25. ↑ Domen Caharijas: Kočevarji staroselci - Kultura po 700 letih na robu propada ('Gottscheer old settlers - culture after 700 years on the verge of extinction '). Dnevnik, October 17, 2009 (Slovenian)
  26. ↑ a b Društvo Peter Kosler
  27. ^ Peter Kosler Verein in Ljubljana on gottschee.de
  28. ^ Association of Gottscheer Altsiedler in Slovenia (Občice / Krapflern), gottscheer.net - Gottscheer Altsiedlerverein
  29. ^ Austrian Cultural Forum in Slovenia: The German-speaking ethnic group in Slovenia ( Memento from August 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
  30. ↑ European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe recommendations on the German language in Slovenia (PDF)
  31. ^ Fischer on a two-day visit to Slovenia. In: orf.at , August 31, 2013, accessed on November 21, 2017.
  32. ↑ Gottscheer Altsiedlerverein, archive link ( Memento from October 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ^ Austrian Cultural Forum in Slovenia: The German-speaking ethnic group in Slovenia ( Memento from August 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
  34. ^ 120 years of the Gottscheer Landsmannschaft in Vienna. In: Gottscheer newspaper. April 2011, Volume 4, Volume 108 (95), pp. 1 ff. - Full text online (PDF; 2.5 MB) ( Memento from April 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
  35. ^ ORF Carinthia (July 28, 2009): Gottscheer meeting at Krastowitz Castle
  36. ↑ a b The working group of the Gottscheer Landsmannschaften
  37. ↑ The memorial is our home and sanctuary. On the eve of the biggest of all Gottscheer festivals in the post-war period. (...) The Minoritensaal in Graz-Mariahilf . In: gottschee.net , accessed on September 16, 2014.
  38. ↑ Gottscheer Pilgrimage to Mariatrost - July 27, 2009 ( Memento of December 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 249 kB)
  39. ↑ The sheet was published as a Nazi propaganda tool as early as the Nazi era, these versions are partly. readable online, e.g. B. Gottscheer Zeitung, organ of the Gottscheer German Ethnic Group, No. 25 from June 19, 1941, 38th year. Contributions: Great speech by the Duce ; We march for Hitler. as well as a poem by an otherwise little known A. Maria Hauska-Brichta, which belongs to the blood and soil poetry. (on-line)
  40. ↑ Gottscheer Zeitung ( Memento from December 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ^ Gottscheer Landsmannschaft Klagenfurt: Club history
  42. ^ Gottscheer Club of Cleveland
  43. ^ Gottscheer Relief Association
  44. ↑ BW Gottschee Soccer (as of July 30, 2018)
  45. ↑ Gottscheer: One story, many identities . ORF.at, October 21, 2009.
  46. ↑ Entry on Morré, Karl in the Austria Forum  (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
  47. ↑ minoritenkulturgraz.at  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) (PDF)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.minoritenkulturgraz.at