Pustular mushrooms

The title of this article is ambiguous. For the starfish genus of the same name, see Nectria (starfish) .

Pustular mushrooms
Cinnabar pustule ( Nectria cinnabarina ) with the sporodochia of the secondary fruit form
Systematics
Subdivision : Real ascent mushrooms (Pezizomycotina) Class : Sordariomycetes Subclass : Hypocreomycetidae Order : Crust ball mushrooms (Hypocreales) Family : Pustel mushroom relatives (Nectriaceae) Genre : Pustular mushrooms
Scientific name
Nectria
( Fr. ) Fr.

The pustel mushrooms ( Nectria ) are a genus from the order of the crust ball mushroom- like (Hypocreales). Their anamorphic genus is Tubercularia . The type species is the vermilion pustule ( Nectria cinnabarina ).

features

Teleomorphs

Mycelia around the perithecia and on the substrate are rarely visible. The stroma break through the host's epidermis . They have a pseudoparenchymatic structure, with the cells forming a textura angularis to textura prismatica . The stroma turns dark red with KOH and yellow with lactic acid .

The perithecia are formed individually or in tufts on the surface of well-developed stroma. The perithecia are slightly ellipsoidal to spherical in shape, about 350 µm high and 300 µm wide (approx. 500 × 500 µm in N. balansae ). In dry weather, however, they can collapse in the shape of a cup on top. They are colored red to brown; apically they are tinted darker. The surface is smooth or warty. With KOH and lactic acid they react like the stromata dark red or yellow. An exception is N. balansae , which reacts purple with KOH. The cells on the surface of the perithecia form a textura globulosa or a textura angularis . The wall of the perithecia is approx. 40 to 60 µm thick and consists of two layers.

The 8- spore asci are unitunicate, cylindrical to narrow, club-shaped and have an inconspicuous ring at the upper end. The spores are biseriat in the upper part of the ascus and uniseriat in its lower part. In N. balansae they are mostly biseriate overall. The spores themselves are hyaline , elliptical to spindle-shaped, pear-shaped or allantoid (sausage-shaped) and rounded at both ends. They are septated up to 4 times , sometimes also muriform. The surface is smooth or prickly.

Anamorphic

The anamorphs consist of sporodochia and / or synnemata , in N. balansae of sporodochia and / or pycnidia .

Sporodochia

The stroma of the sporodochia break through the epidermis of the host plant. They are mainly pale yellow to orange, rarely reddish brown in color. The sporodochia are on the surface of well-developed stroma. They are scattered, singly or gregariously and are seated with long stems, as well as disc-shaped or cylindrical-head-shaped and up to 8 mm high in total. The surface is smooth, brain-like convoluted or warty, with N. balansae fluffy. It is whitish yellow to orange, sometimes darker red in color. The stem is white to whitish red, seldom tinted darker red. The stem cells consist approximately of a textura angularis and merge into the stroma. They are usually wider in the center of the stem. The hymenium arises directly from a textura prismatica , with the cells extending into a textura angularis .

The conidiophores of the sporodochia, when present, are verticillate, hyaline, and branch two or three times. They then form the conidia at the ends and sides of the conidiogenic cells (acropleurogenic). In N. balansae , the conidia are only formed at the ends of two to four whorled conidiogenic cells and sterile hyphae, with a small, inconspicuous collar being present. The conidiogenic cells are straight to curved, cylindrical or awl-shaped. They form the conidia on the inside (enteroblastic). The conidia of the sporodochia are hyaline, narrowly elliptical to cylindrical, in N. balansae round to elliptical, straight or slightly curved, unseptate and smooth-walled.

Synnemata

The synnemas usually also break through the epidermis of the host. They arise individually or socially in groups or in tufts on the perithecia of the teleomorphs or independently thereof. The synnemata are cylindrical, awl-shaped, headed or club-shaped. They are erect or nodding, unbranched, or rarely branched at the base. There they are tinted reddish brown and sometimes clearly curly. In KOH they turn blood red. With age, they change color towards the top to almost black. The synnemata are up to 3 mm high and up to 0.4 mm wide. The outer hyphae of the stem are golden-brown at the base and pale brown towards the tip.

The Konidiophore the synnemata have phialids or long sterile hyphae. They are mono- or biverticillate, with the whorls compact or diffuse. The conidiogenic cells are cylindrical to awl-shaped, straight or curved, and enteroblastic. The sterile hyphae, if present, are mixed in with phialides. These hyphae are needle-shaped, curved or, less often, straight, not branched or dichotomously branched and septate . They arise from hyphae, often in groups of one to four conidiophores, together with phialides. The conidia are hyaline, elliptical, obovate, or sometimes allantoid, unseptate, and smooth.

Pycnidia

The stroma of the pycnidia of N. balansae are formed in the stroma with the perithecia of the teleomorphs. They are orange to umber in color. The pycnidia are spherical and sunk. The conidiogenic cells are enteroblastic, elongated phialides with an indistinct small collar. The conidia are similar to the ascoconidia. They are round to elliptical, unseptate and hyaline.

In culture

In culture, the anamorphic colonies have a radial, sometimes wavy surface. It is white, whitish-yellow, whitish-saffron-colored to yellowish-brown. It is slightly woolly and often has aerial mycelium. This is initially unbranched; sometimes it is formed verticillate. It then branches one to three times and is loosely to moderately densely branched. The conidiogenic cells are enteroblastic. They are cylindrical and slightly tapered towards the tip or narrowly bottle-shaped. The young conidia arise individually on the phialides on sunken or aerial mycelium. The conidia are often formed on slimy heads or sporodochia. They are elliptical, narrow cylindrical, spindle-shaped to cylindrical, straight or slightly curved and rounded at both ends. They are hyaline, smooth and unseptate. Mature conidia are swollen, usually not, more rarely simply septate and elliptical, narrowly elliptical, cylindrical to allantoid in shape. Sometimes they have a very narrowed central part. They are hyaline, smooth, straight or slightly curved and rounded at both ends. The spores sometimes germinate on the nutrient medium. Chlamydospores are rarely formed.

N. balansae forms two types of conidiophores on SNA agar . The short conidiophores form microconidia and are not or loosely branched. The conidiogenic cells are long cylindrical to awl-shaped, straight to slightly curved and enteroblastic. They each form a conidia. The microconidia are hyaline, elliptical to spindle-shaped, rarely curved and unseptate. The long conidiophores form macroconidia and are also not or loosely branched. The conidiogenic cells are long cylindrical, straight or slightly curved and enteroblastic. The macroconidia are hyaline, rounded to elliptical, curved, unseptate and thick-walled. Chlamydospores or swollen hyphae are present.

Generic delimitation

The genera Allantonectria and Pleonectria differ in the light yellowish scales on the perithecia.

Ecology and diffusion

Pustel mushrooms grow on hardwood and woody shrubs. They are temperate and tropical.

Systematics

Within the genus, in addition to Nectria , a distinction is made between the group around N. balansae . Most species outside the N. balansae group form individual, perithecia collected on the surface of well-developed stroma , the Asco spores are usually less than 25 µm long and microconidia are absent in culture. In the N. balansae group, the perithecia are sunk into a reddish stroma, the ascospores are usually over 25 µm long and microconidia exist in culture. In addition, pycnidia and sporodochia are formed as anamorphs in a natural environment and the macroconidia each arise individually on the hyphae branches . Despite the morphological differences to the rest of the genus, the group around N. balansae seems to be polyphyletic .

The genus Nectria contains the following species worldwide.

German name	Scientific name	Author quote	Minor crop form	Known distribution
	Nectria antarctica	(Speg. 1888) Rossman 1989		North America ( USA ), South America ( Chile )
	Nectria argentinensis	Hirooka, Rossman & P. ​​Chaverri 2012		South America ( Argentina )
	Nectria asiatica	Hirooka, Rossman & P. ​​Chaverri 2011		Asia ( China , Japan )
	Nectria aurantiaca	(Tul. & C. Tul. 1865) Jacz. 1913	Tubercularia aurantiaca	Europe ( Czech Republic , France , UK )
	Nectria australiensis	Seifert 1985	Tubercularia australiensis	Oceania ( Australia , New Zealand )
	Nectria balansae	Speg. 1886		Asia (China, India , Japan), Europe (France), South America ( Brazil , Paraguay )
	Nectria berberidicola	Hirooka, Lechat, Rossman & P. ​​Chaverri 2012		Europe (France)
	Nectria canadensis	Ellis & Everh. 1884	Tubercularia grayana	North America ( Canada , USA)
	Nectria cingulata	Starbäck 1899		South America (Brazil)
Vermilion pustule	Nectria cinnabarina	(Death 1791) Fr. 1849	Tubercularia vulgaris	Europe ( Denmark , Germany , France, Ireland , Netherlands , Austria , Poland , UK, Ukraine ), North America (Canada, USA)
	Nectria dematiosa	(Schwein. 1832) Berk.		Asia (China, Japan), Europe ( Finland , Poland), Oceania (New Zealand), North America (Canada, USA)
	Nectria eustromatica	Jaklitsch & Voglmayr 2011		Europe ( Croatia , Italy )
	Nectria himalayensis	Hirooka, Rossman & P. ​​Chaverri 2012		Asia (India: Himalaya )
	Nectriahochiae	Dingley 1989	Tuberculariahochiae	Oceania (New Zealand)
	Nectria lateritia	(P. Karst. 1889) Rossman 1983		Asia (China, Malaysia ), South America (Brazil, Venezuela )
	Nectria magnispora	Hirooka, Rossman & P. ​​Chaverri 2012		Asia (Japan)
	Nectria marieae	Hirooka, Fournier, Lechat, Rossman & P. ​​Chaverri 2012		Europe (France, Spain )
	Nectria neorehmiana	Rossman 1983		South America (Ecuador)
	Nectria nigrescens	Cooke 1878	Tubercularia ulmea	Europe (France, Germany, UK), North America (Canada, USA)
	Nectria noackiana	Syd. & P. Syd. 1907		South America (Brazil)
	Nectria novae-zaelandiae	(Dingley 1952) Rossman 1979		Oceania (New Zealand)
	Nectria paraguayensis	Speg. 1885		South America (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay)
	Nectria polythalama	Berk. 1855		Oceania (New Zealand)
	Nectria pseudadelphica	Rehm		South America (Ecuador)
	Nectria pseudocinnabarina	Rossman 1989		Caribbean ( Cuba , Guadeloupe , Martinique ), South America (Brazil, French Guiana , Venezuela)
	Nectria pseudotrichia	Berk. & MA Curtis 1854	Tubercularia lateritia	Africa ( Cameroon , Gabon , Ghana , Tanzania , Uganda ), Asia (China, India, Indonesia , Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Sri Lanka , Taiwan , Thailand ), Caribbean and Central America ( Costa Rica , Cuba, Dominica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Jamaica , Panama , Puerto Rico ), North America ( Mexico , USA), Oceania (Australia), South America (Argentina, Bolivia , Brazil, Colombia , Ecuador, French Guiana, Guiana , Paraguay, Peru , Suriname , Venezuela )
	Nectria pyriformis	Hirooka, Rossman & P. ​​Chaverri 2012		Asia (India)
	Nectria sordida	Speg. 1898		South America (Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana)
	Nectria tucumanensis	Speg. 1909		Central America (Costa Rica), South America (Argentina, Colombia)

swell

literature

• Y. Hirooka, AY Rossman, GJ Samuels, C. Lechat, P. Chaverri: A monograph of Allantonectria , Nectria , and Pleonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and their pycnidial, sporodochial, and synnematous anamorphs. Studies in Mycology 71, 2012, pp. 1-210. ( PDF; 96.3 MB )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Y. Hirooka et al .: Studies in Mycology 71, 2012, p. 33
2. ↑ Y. Hirooka et al .: Studies in Mycology 71, 2012, p. 33 ff.

Web links

Commons : Pustel mushrooms ( Nectria )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files