Regional bank

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Regional banks are credit institutions which, with or without a branch network, only conduct banking in a specific geographic region .

Classification of the regional banks

The term regional banks comes from the division of credit institutions into banking groups of the Deutsche Bundesbank , which takes on the supervisory structures. Like the big banks and branches of foreign banks, they belong to the subgroup of credit banks:

This classification only differentiates between supraregional and regionally active institutes, which also include the private banks , which have no longer been recorded independently since December 1998 .

species

The group of regional banks and other commercial banks include banking operations , the regional, local, domestic , consolidated and sector banks. Also automotive banks ( Volkswagen Bank , BMW Bank ), corporate banking ( IBM Germany GmbH Bank ), direct banks ( ING-DiBa AG) and partial payment banks ( Credit Plus Bank AG) belong to this banking group. Regional banks are therefore the most heterogeneous group within the credit banks. Branch banks either maintain their branches in a specific region or operate nationwide.

Legal issues

The sole proprietorship is not permitted for all credit institutions according to Section 2b (1) KWG. Regional banks are run in the legal form of a corporation ( stock corporation , limited liability company or partnership limited by shares ). The term bank is protected under Section 39 (1) KWG and may only be used by the group finally listed in the law. The regional banks include a total of 163 institutes. Even if their collective name “regional bank” suggests that they are only active in a certain region, this is not always the case. Some regional banks are also supraregional, sometimes even internationally. You belong to the Federal Association of German Banks .

history

Regional banks came into being around the time when the savings banks also operated regionally . Similar to savings banks, they often had the names of specific regions in which they were present. These were federal states or certain economic regions (such as the Ruhr area ) or a single location for local banks. This applied to the Schlesischer Bankverein in Breslau , founded on July 17, 1856, and the Norddeutsche Bank , which was founded on October 15, 1856 in Hamburg . The Allgemeine Deutsche Credit-Anstalt had previously received its banking license in May 1856 . The Vereinsbank Hamburg was entered in the commercial register on August 11, 1856 , the Barmer Bankverein emerged on March 29, 1867 from the liquidated banking house Gebr. Fischer. The Badische Bank was established in March 1870, the Essener Credit-Anstalt opened on January 9th, 1872, the Bergisch-Märkische Bank on November 25th, 1872 in Elberfeld . In 1895, the Berlin Disconto-Gesellschaft took over the Norddeutsche Bank, which is now Hamburg's largest bank. The Bergisch-Märkische Bank had a branch network that encompassed all of North Rhine-Westphalia .

At that time regional banks often formed interest groups with large banks in order to avoid risky branch establishment in large cities. The large regional banks in Cologne such as A. Levy & Co. were shaped by their relationships with the Rhineland-Westphalian industry. However, the rapidly growing industry soon turned away from the regional banks because they could no longer meet the capital requirements. The regional banks that had not grown with them then increased their own funds . When the Bergisch-Märkische Bank and the Schlesische Bankverein increased their capital in 1897, the Deutsche Bank AG took over 75% of the total capital of these banks. The Bochumer Westfalenbank came into being late on June 14, 1921 and closed its doors in December 2010.

Between 1933 and 1938 regional banks were involved in 21 cases in the Aryanization or liquidation of Jewish private banks. At that time, the Allgemeine Deutsche Credit-Anstalt was one of the most important regional banks in Germany with over 100 branches. When the first banking law was drafted, the “Reichsgesetz über das Kreditwesen of December 5, 1934”, the superiority of the big banks over the regional banks was cited as an argument against the regional bank idea. The distribution of risk is more favorable with a large bank that spans the entire Reich than with a regional bank, which is more likely to be affected by the decline of the branch of industry that is predominant in its district.

A wave of concentration hit the German regional banks from 1970 onwards. The regional banks Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft (founded: July 2, 1856) and the Frankfurter Bank (April 11, 1854) merged in January 1970 to form BHF-Bank . Norddeutsche Kreditbank has been owned by Allgemeine Deutsche Credit-Anstalt since December 1973. The Bayerische Vereinsbank (July 1, 1869) and the Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechselbank (July 1, 1834) merged in September 1998 to form Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank AG. Vereinsbank Hamburg and Westbank, founded in 1875, merged in October 1974 to form Vereins- und Westbank , which in turn was integrated into Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechselbank in June 2004. This has been owned by Unicredit Bank since June 2007 . The former Bank für Gemeinwirtschaft emerged from the Bank für Wirtschaft und Arbeit AG , which was founded on August 26, 1949, and although it had a supraregional branch network, it was still one of the regional banks .

Switzerland

On September 1, 1994, 98 Swiss regional banks merged to form the Regional Bank Holding (RBA Holding). They are statistically combined with the savings banks in a group and deal primarily in retail banking with real estate financing , which they refinance with customer funds.

Austria

The major Austrian banks maintain regional banks in the federal states . The three important regional banks, Bank for Tyrol and Vorarlberg , Bank for Upper Austria and Salzburg, and Bank for Carinthia and Styria, were majority owned by Creditanstalt-Bankverein until 1952 . This gave up its majority ownership in the course of capital increases at these regional banks, which now participated among themselves.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Deutsche Bundesbank, Directory of Credit Institutions , Banking Information 2, January 2014, p. 3 ff.
  2. ↑ a b Hans E. Büschgen, Bankbetriebslehre: Banking transactions and bank management , 2013, p. 81
  3. ^ Eva Reuter, Investor Relations & Analysten , 2006, p. 301.
  4. ↑ Henner Schierenbeck / Reinhold Hölscher, BankAssurance , 1998, p. 69 ff.
  5. ↑ Morten Reitmayer, Bankiers im Kaiserreich , 2000, p. 37.
  6. ↑ Morten Reitmayer, Bankiers im Kaiserreich , 2000, p. 45.
  7. ↑ Morten Reitmayer, Bankiers im Kaiserreich , 2000, p. 55.
  8. ^ Ingo Köhler, The Aryanization of Private Banks in the Third Reich , 2005, p. 281.
  9. ↑ Christoph Müller, Development of the Reich Law on the Credit System of December 5, 1934 , 2003, p. 161.
  10. ^ Predecessor institute Schleswig-Holsteinische Bank
  11. ↑ Hartmut Leser / Markus Rudolf, Handbuch Institutionelles Asset-Management , 2003, p. 404.
  12. ^ Wilhelm Weber, Nationalization in Austria , 1964, p. 391.