Red herring blubber

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Red herring blubber
2011-11-08 Russula xerampelina (Schaeff.) Fr 180998 mod.jpg

Red herring blubber ( Russula xerampelina )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Red herring blubber
Scientific name
Russula xerampelina
( Schaeff. ) Fr.

The red herring deaf or coniferous herring deaf ( Russula xerampelina ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). The epithet xerampelina means something like dressed in dark red and is an allusion to the beautiful dark red hat color of the blubber. The mushroom, which is quite common in the pine forest, clearly smells of herring or crab, which explains the German name. The stem is often tinged with pink or reddish, which is why the mushroom is also called the red-footed deaf . It is a medium-sized to large, mild-tasting blubber with brown-stained flesh and an ocher-colored spore powder.

features

Spores of the red herring blubber ( Russula xerampelina ) in iodine solution under the light microscope

Macroscopic features

The hat is 6-12 centimeters wide. Young the hat is hemispherical, later spread out and slightly depressed in the middle. In damp weather, the hat skin is sticky to greasy. The color of the hat is very variable, most often it is blood red to dark purple, the middle is usually black purple. With age, the edge is more or less grooved to about 1 centimeter in length.

The lamellae have a mild to pronounced bitter taste, are quite dense (even removed when old) and are cream-colored to butter-yellow when ripe. They tend to tan on pressure points. The spore powder is also cream-colored to yellowish ocher.

The stem is 4–8 inches long and 1.5–3 inches wide, it is cylindrical, white and sometimes reddish. He tans with age or when touched. The surface of older fruiting bodies is clearly wrinkled, which is why it is also called the Wrinkle-Stalk-Täubling. The meat is firm, and with older mushrooms the stalk is also spongy. When injured in the air, it changes color from honey to ocher-brown. The odor is not very pronounced in young mushrooms, older mushrooms clearly smell of herring or crabs. With iron (II) sulfate (FeSO 4 ) it turns dark green. The taste is mild.

Microscopic features

The roundish to broad ellipsoidal spores measure 7.6–10.3 × 6.1–8.3 µm. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.4. The spore ornament consists of coarse, up to 1 (1.2) µm high, partially elongated and predominantly isolated warts, which are only sparsely connected by fine lines. The clearly amyloid hilly spot is irregular and measures around 3.5 × 3.25 µm.

The four-pore basidia are club-shaped and measure 40–60 × 11–14 µm. In addition, there are numerous hymenial cystids that turn a pale gray-black color with sulfobenzaldehyde . The cheilocystids are spindle-shaped and partially have a process at their tip. They become 45–85 µm long and 6–12 µm wide. The spindle-shaped to cylindrical pleurocystids rarely have an appendage and measure 65–125 × 7–12 µm.

In the top layer of the hat one finds more or less cylindrical hairs that are often tapered towards the top, which are septate and can be sparsely branched. They become 2.5–4 µm wide and have weakly gelatinized hyphal walls. In between there are quite narrow, cylindrical and partially constricted pileocystidia . They are 3–5.5 µm wide and, in sulfobenzaldehyde, have a partly gray-black content. There are no membrane pigments.

Species delimitation

Although the red herring deafness could be confused with a whole range of deafnesses due to its variable hat color, it can be reliably identified by the following characteristics:

  1. Herring or crab smell.
  2. Browning and mild-tasting meat.
  3. Greenish FeSO 4 reaction.
  4. Hat colored purple in different tones.
  5. Occurrence in the coniferous forest under pine or spruce.

ecology

The herring deafness, like all deafnesses, is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiotic relationship with various conifers. Its preferred symbiotic partners are spruce and Scots pine .

One finds the fungus under interspersed conifers in different forest communities: In beech forests ( wood-rush and woodruff beech forests ) in silver fir forests ( bedstraw-fir forests ), but also in hornbeam oak forests and oak and Scots pine mixed stands. The Täubling is very common in spruce and pine forests.

The Täubling occurs on dry to fresh, mostly sandy, humus-rich to loamy and often acidic soils. However, it is very pH-tolerant and otherwise makes no great demands on the soil. Only extremely acidic, very moist to wet or very loamy and compacted soils are avoided. The fruiting bodies appear singly or in groups from July to November.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the red herring pigeon.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The herring blubber is widespread and fairly common in the northern temperate climate zone, and often extends into the subpolar zone. The Täubling was found in Asia (South Korea, Philippines), North Africa (Morocco), North and Central America and Europe. On the American continent, its occurrence extends from the United States to Mexico to Costa Rica. It is also widespread in Europe.

    In Germany it is widespread in the Alps, the Alpine foothills and the low mountain ranges, otherwise it is rarely found.

    Systematics

    The red-footed herring blubber ( Russula erythropoda ), which was described as an independent species, is now only regarded as a synonym. Instead, a whole series of former varieties and subspecies are now viewed as separate species.

    • Russula xerampelina var. Abietum J. Blum (1954) is now Russula abietum (J. Blum) Bon 1983
    • Russula xerampelina subsp. amoenipes is today Russula amoenipes (Romagn. ex Bon) Bidaud, Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux .
    • Another former variety with a greenish to olive-green hat, the light-green herring- deafness ( Russula xerampelina var. Elaeodes Romagn. Ex Bon (1987)), is now called Russula pseudo-olivascens Kärcher (2002). For other authors it is synonymous with Russula clavipes Velen. (1920). It occurs under deciduous trees such as beech, oak, linden and birch.
    • Russula xerampelina var. Purpurata Crawshay 1930, was also described by Romagnesi as a separate species Russula purpurata (Crawshay) Romagn. In 1983 it is now generally only used as Forma purpurata by Russula graveolens (Crawshay) P.-J. Keizer & Arnolds 1995.
    • The olive-brown herring blubber Russula cicatricata was previously classified as Russula xerampelina var. Fusca . His hat color is quite variable, mostly olive brown to yellow. It occurs in the deciduous forest, preferably under oaks.
    • The violet herring blubber Russula graveolens Romell, formerly Russula xerampelina var. Graveolens (Romell) Kühner & Romagn., Has a purple-brown to wine-reddish hat and occurs under deciduous trees on acidic soil.

    Inquiry systematics

    As the first described type of section, the red herring deaf is the type of section Xerampelinae ( Viridantes Bon). In all types of section, the meat turns brown and, with FeSO 4, green. In addition, all species smell more or less like herring or crab ( trimethylamine ).

    Subspecies and varieties

    The following varieties have been described:

    variety author description
    Russula xerampelina var. Barlae ( Quél. ) Melzer & Zvára The variety was described by Quélet in 1883 as Russula barlae . The hat is 6–9 centimeters wide and colored yellow, apricot-colored or red-orange. The hat skin is first greasy, then dry, the edge is smooth. The stem is white and the lamellae are first cream-colored and later saffron-yellow. The meat is completely white and smells like Russula melilotus . The spores are pale lemon yellow. The Täubling occurs in the subalpine regions of the French Alps.
    Russula xerampelina var. Marthae Singer (1935)
    Russula xerampelina var. Murina Romagn. (1953) The hat is up to 9 centimeters wide and hazelnut brown to gray. Sometimes the edge is also reddish. The lamellas are yellow ocher and the stem is white. The meat smells and tastes like the guy and turns green with iron sulfate. The spore powder is ocher yellow.
    Russula xerampelina var. Pseudomelliolens Singer (1936) Quite small shape with a fleshy, pink, sometimes copper-colored hat about 5–7 centimeters wide, which is also cream-colored in the middle. The hat skin is quite dull and the edge slightly lobed or grooved. The rather dense lamellae are almost bulbous and more or less cross-veined. They are creamy white to dirty yellow in color. The white stem (3–5 × 1.5–2.5 centimeters) is often veined and tinged with pink and later turns yellowish to dirty gray. The meat like the guy. The spore powder is dark-cream to light-ocher (IId – IIIb according to Romagnesi). The spores (8-10 × 7.5-9 micrometers), with strong, almost isolated thorns or weakly and finely burr connected. The cystidia are normal. The cap skin hyphal end cells are 2-4 (5) micrometers wide, cylindrical or clubbed, and quite convoluted. The cylindrical, not or simply septate Pileocystidien are 5-7 micrometers wide and react only weakly with sulfovanillin. - The fungus can occasionally be found in more humid deciduous forests under red beech, hornbeam or birch.
    Russula xerampelina var. Putorina Melzer (1945)
    Russula xerampelina var. Rubra ( Britzelm. ) Singer (1926) The hat is bright purple in color, the middle usually darker. The stem is tinged with pink, especially at the tip. The smell and taste are like the type. The dermatocystids are much rarer than in the type, but otherwise resemble this.
    Russula xerampelina var. Semirubra Singer (1958)
    Russula xerampelina var. Tenuicarnosa Adamcík (2002) The variety has thinner flesh in the hat and handle.

    meaning

    The herring deaf has a mild taste. It is considered to be one of the best edible mushrooms within its genus, even if the crab or herring smell is at least partially retained when cooked. The smell is more pronounced and less pleasant in older specimens. The mushroom is seldom mad. Inexperienced mushroom pickers should make sure that they do not collect the very pungent-tasting, slightly poisonous lemon-leaved blubber, which grows in the same location (in the pine forest).

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 188 .
    2. ↑ Thomas Laessoe: Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley, 1998, ISBN 0-7513-1070-0 .
    3. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 258.
    4. ^ Roger Phillips: Russula xerampelina. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on February 9, 2015 ; accessed on May 14, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    5. ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , pp. 527-529.
    6. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    7. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 297 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    8. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula xerampelina. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    9. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula xerampelina. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    10. ↑ Elias Polemis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 5. (PDF; 330 kB) Basidiomycetes associated with woods dominated by Castanea sativa (Nafpactia Mts., Central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 115 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, p. 16 ff , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
    11. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    12. ↑ Gordana Kasom & Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    13. ↑ Russula xerampelina in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 21, 2011 .
    14. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula xerampelina. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    15. ↑ Michael Kuo: Russula xerampelina. In: Mushroomexpert. January 2005. (Accessed August 26, 2008)
    16. ↑ a b Slavomir Adamcik: Taxonomy of the Russula xerampelina group. Part 2. Taxonomic and nomenclatural study of Russula xerampelina and R. erythropoda. In: Mycotaxon. 82 (2002), pp. 241-267.
    17. ^ Slavomir Adamcik: Studies on Russula clavipes and related taxa of Russula section Xerampelinae with a predominantly olivaceous pileus. In: Persoonia. 18 (3) 2004, pages 393-409.
    18. ↑ Ewald Gerhart (Ed.): Mushrooms Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellas . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 275 .
    19. ^ R. Singer: Russula atropurpurea. (PDF) Monograph of the genus Russula. In: Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt (1932). A. Pascher, p. 333 , accessed on May 14, 2011 .
    20. ^ Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). (PDF; 1.4 MB) In: English translation by M. Bons Russula key :. The Russulales Website, p. 72 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved May 14, 2011 .
    21. ↑ Russula xerampelina. (PDF DOC) Russulas. Micologia.biz Web de micología Europea, p. 137 , accessed on May 14, 2011 (Spanish).
    22. ^ David Pegler: The Mitchell Beazley Pocket Guide to Mushrooms and Toadstools. Mitchell Beasley, London 1981, ISBN 0-85533-347-2 .

    Web links

    Commons : Red herring deaf ( Russula xerampelina )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files