Rudolf Martin (anthropologist)

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Rudolf Martin

Konrad Louis Rudolf Martin (born July 1, 1864 in Zurich ; died July 11, 1925 in Munich ) was a Swiss-German anthropologist and ethnographer who distinguished himself as a specialist in the field of physical anthropology and, according to Brockhaus, of the 1930s' anthropology perfected in a systematic structure as an academic subject '.

Life

Rudolf Martin was born in Zurich in 1864 to a father from Württemberg and a mother from Baden . He first began to study law in Freiburg i. Br. , Then engaged in philosophical studies before turning to anthropology. He wrote his dissertation on the subject of “ Kant's philosophical views in the years 1762–1766” in 1887 with Alois Riehl (1844–1924), a representative of Neo-Kantianism at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Freiburg . In the years 1887–1890 Martin attended “almost all the anthropological collections in Europe” (H. Schadewald). In Paris he spent a long time at the Ecole d'anthropologie . On his return to Zurich, Martin became assistant to Auguste Forel (1848–1931). In 1897 he toured the Malay Peninsula . He completed his habilitation in Zurich in 1891 and became an associate professor of anthropology in Zurich in 1899 and a full professor in 1905 , the first professor of anthropology at the University of Zurich . As successor to Otto Stoll (1888–1899), Rudolf Martin (1899–1911) was director of the Völkerkundemuseum at the University of Zurich , followed by Hans J. Wehrli (1911–1941).

In 1911 Martin resigned from his professorship, the reasons being his "poor health and the possibility of being able to research without teaching commitment", his successor was Otto Schlaginhaufen . From now on, Martin worked as a private scholar in Versailles on his textbook on anthropology in systematic representation , which was first published in 1914. Martin refined Paul Brocas (1824–1880) methodology for anthropological research. The outbreak of the First World War surprised Martin. He had to leave the scientific collection and personal archive in France and go to Germany. From 1917 he was a professor at the University of Munich , where he was director of the Anthropological Institute. Johannes Ranke was appointed to this first independent chair in Germany for anthropology in 1886 .

"Ученик Видерсгейма и Вейсмана, М. построил анализ антропологических признаков на базе сравнительной. Лично М. остался чуждым крайностям и извращениям этого течения, в которые впали нек-рые генетики и антропологи (Ленц, Шейдт, Гюнтер) разработавшие современное реакционное немецкое евгеническое учение. / dt. As a student of Wiedersheim and Weismann , M. built up an analysis of anthropological features on the basis of comparative anatomy and was one of the first to introduce the data of modern genetics into human science. Personally, M. remained alien to the extremes and distortions of this tendency, which fell into certain geneticists and anthropologists ( Lenz , Scheidt , Günther ) who developed the modern reactionary German eugenic doctrine. "

"М. создал современную методику антропологических исследований, расширив и усовершенстувовав ранее сущестив ранее суестимершенстущевав. Брока. Техника измерений черепа, костей и человеческого тела в целом, созданная М., и разработанный им инструментарий получили всеобщее признание. / dt. M. created a modern method of anthropological research, expanded and improved the previously existing method P. Brocas. The technique of measuring the skull, bones and the human body as a whole created by M. and the tools he developed have received general recognition. "

Martin is the author of a number of papers in the field of anthropology and ethnography. He carried out anthropological studies on the population of the Malay Peninsula and is also the author of works in the field of comparative human morphology, where he became important as a codifier of morphometric methods.

The most important of his works is his textbook on anthropology (1st edition 1914, 2nd edition 1928). With this textbook, published several times, he shaped the subject for generations of students. He is still working on the second edition of the textbook. In 1928, after Martin's death, it was to appear in three volumes prepared by Stephanie Oppenheim, co-author and second wife of Martin. In 1956 the third edition in four volumes was published by Karl Saller (1902–1969), a student of Martin.

1924 Rudolf Martin founded the journal Anthropological indicator for biological and clinical anthropology, shortly after the organ of August 3, 1925, chaired by the German "racial scientist" and later Nazi Eugen Fischer founded the German Society of Physical Anthropology . Fischer also wrote an obituary for Rudolf Martin.

Among other things, Martin was a sponsor of the German-Dutch paleoanthropologist Ralph von Koenigswald .

His successor as professor and director of the Anthropological Institute of the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich was his student Theodor Mollison .

The things of his subject - d. H. physical anthropology - had, as the ethnologist Klaus Volprecht notes in an interview (not related to Rudolf Martin), "played a major role in the past", "with which [now] there was no more flower pot to be won".

Quote

"The essence and task of anthropology" outlines Rudolf Martin at the beginning of his textbook on anthropology (1st edition 1914) as follows:

“Anthropology is the natural history of the hominids in their temporal and spatial expansion. This establishes 1) that anthropology is a group science and that human anatomy, physiology, etc., are therefore excluded from its framework as individual sciences, 2) that myth and itself only deals with the physis of hominids, and 3) that it covers the whole range of forms this zoological group includes without any restriction. Anthropology therefore has the task of distinguishing all extinct and recent forms occurring within the hominids with regard to their physical properties, to characterize them and to examine their geographical distribution, initially irrespective of whether they are species, subspecies, varieties or types. "

Publications

  • Kant's philosophical views in the years 1762–1766. 1887 (dissertation) digitized
  • “On the physical anthropology of the Tierra del Fuego” (habilitation thesis, 1892)
  • Martin, Rudolf, Anthropology as a Science and Teaching Subject: An Academic Inaugural Address, Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1901
  • The inland tribes of the Malay Peninsula; scientific results of a trip through the United Malay States. - Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1905.
  • Guidelines for body measurements and their statistical processing: with special consideration of student measurements. - Munich: JF Lehmann Verlag, 1924.
  • Guidelines for body measurements and their statistical processing: with special consideration of student measurements. - Berlin: J. Springer, 1925.
  • Anthropometry. Instructions for independent anthropological surveys and their statistical processing. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1925 (2nd edition 1929, partial online view ) - Eduard Dietrich; Adolf Gottstein; Arthur Schloßmann; Ludwig Teleky: Handbook of social hygiene and health care. 5 volumes. Berlin 1925 (1926, 1927), also published as a special edition
  • Rudolf Martin; Karl Saller . Textbook of anthropology, in systematic presentation. - 3. completely redesigned. and expanded edition by Karl Saller. - Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1957–1964. Digitized version 1. A. ( Review by Eugen Fischer )

To the measuring instruments:

  • Georg von Neumayer: Instructions for scientific observations while traveling. 2012 ( partial online view )

literature

  • P. Purtschert and H. Fischer-Tiné: Colonial Switzerland: Rethinking Colonialism from the Margins (Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series) 2015 ( digitized version ) - Section: Zurich as an International Center for Anthropometric Racial Research
  • Uwe Hoßfeld : History of biological anthropology in Germany: From the beginnings to the post-war period (science culture around 1900, volume 2) 2005
  • Pascal Germann: Laboratories of Inheritance: Race Research and Human Genetics in Switzerland 1900-1970. 2016 Partial online view (p. 125: Zurich as an international center for anthropometric race research)
  • Oetteking, Bruno (April – June 1926). "Rudolf Martin". American Anthropologist. 28 (2): 414-417. Online at anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  • Schadewaldt, H. (2008). "Martin, Rudolf". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons ( via Encyclopedia.com ). ISBN 9780684315591
  • Morris-Reich, Amos (July 2012). "Anthropology, standardization and measurement: Rudolf Martin and anthropometric photography". The British Journal for the History of Science: 1-30. Partial view
  • Ziegelmayer, Gerfried, '100 Years of Anthropology in Munich', Würzburg Medical History Communications (1987) 5
  • Eugen Fischer: Obituary for Rudolf Martin. In: Anatomischer Anzeiger 60 (1925/26); here pp. 443–445.
  • Karl Saller, obituary for Rudolf Martin. In: Munich Medical Weekly 72 (1925)
  • Otto Schlaginhaufen : Zurich's share in the development of anthropology in the period 1896–1945 ( ngzh.ch )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sometimes the year 1926 comes across as the year of death, see z. B. 1.) Katrin Sweeny: "Martin, Rudolf" in the New German Biography ; 2) 2018 Bavarian Academy of Sciences (badw.de) or 3.) Thomas Etzemüller: In search of the Nordic man: German racial anthropology in the modern world. 2015, p.251 ). Wilhelm E. Mühlmann : History of anthropology. Athenäum Verlag, 1968, p. 100, cites 1924 as the year of death.
  2. ↑ Der Große Brockhaus , 15th edition , twelfth volume (Leipzig 1932, p. 191): "He perfected anthropology in a systematic structure as an academic subject."
  3. ^ Mollier obituary
  4. ^ Sweeny, Katrin, "Martin, Rudolf" in: New German Biography.
  5. ^ Sweeny, Katrin, "Martin, Rudolf" in: New German Biography.
  6. ↑ Мартин Рудольф // Большая медицинская энциклопедия / Под редакцией Н. А. Семашко. - М .: Советская энциклопедия, 1928-1936.
  7. ↑ On the authors mentioned cf. Klaus Vondung and Eric Voegelin: Race and State (CW2) (The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, V 2) 1997, XV ff.
  8. ↑ Мартин Рудольф // Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т. / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. - 3-е изд. - М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969-1978.]
  9. ↑ cf. Oppenheim / Martin Collection / cf. Gretchen E. Creates: From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich. 2004 Partial online view
  10. ↑ check: dnb.de (1) & (2)
  11. ↑ Interview with Klaus Volprecht - germananthropology.com
  12. ^ Rudolf Martin: Textbook of Anthropology (1st edition 1914, p. 1). - See encyclopedia.com: In this program Martin placed special emphasis on the technique of anthropological investigation that he had developed. He wrote repeatedly concerning "instructions for body measurements" and "anthropometry." & Uwe Hoßfeld, page 34 ff.
personal data
SURNAME Martin, Rudolf
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Martin, Konrad Louis Rudolf (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Swiss-German anthropologist and ethnographer
DATE OF BIRTH July 1, 1864
PLACE OF BIRTH Zurich
DATE OF DEATH July 11, 1925
Place of death Munich