Smoky brown black blotch
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The smoky-brown black-deaf ( Russula adusta ) |
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The smoky brown black deaf or shandy ( Russula adusta ) is a fungus from the family of the deaf relatives . He is one of the first pigeons to appear during the year. Although it is macroscopically similar to some other species from the Compactae section , its strong musty odor characterizes it sufficiently. When cut, its flesh turns pink and then slowly gray.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 7–20 cm wide. Young the hat is convex and has a rolled edge, but soon it is depressed and later even slightly funnel-shaped. It is whitish to pale beige or beige to pale brown. The skin of the hat is sticky in damp weather, shiny in dry weather. It is not removable.
The slats are pretty close. They are curved and sloping slightly with age and have more or less many intermediate lamellae. The color is whitish and dark gray blackish with age. The spore powder is white ( Ia after Romagnesi ).
The stem is 4–10 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide. He looks short and stocky and is cylindrical in shape. The stem base is often irregularly wrinkled to pitted. The stem is always pale, smoky gray and does not turn dark gray.
The flesh is hard, brittle and whitish. In the event of an injury, it first turns pink and then slowly turns gray. The Täubling smells inconspicuous or like old wine barrels. The taste is mild, but not tasty, but dull earthy. With iron sulfate, the meat first turns orange and then olive-gray, with 10% formalin it turns pink-orange and it reacts only weakly with guaiac .
Microscopic features
The oval spores (7–9 × 6–8 µm) have only very small warts, which are rarely more than 0.2–0.3 µm high. They are linked by very fine lines that form an almost complete network with numerous small meshes. The basidia are (30) 50–60 (78) µm long and 7.5–11 (12) µm wide. They usually have four, rarely two to three 5–6 μm long sterigms. Pleurocystids are mostly common, they are 50–100 µm long and 5–7 (11) µm wide, they are almost cylindrical and blunt at the tip. In sulfovanillin , the cystids turn blue above and pink below.
The hyphae cells of the cap skin are narrow, only about 2–4 µm wide and contain vacuole pigments, membrane pigments are absent. The Pileocystiden , if present, are usually not septate, they have about the same shape as the Pleurocystiden. They can also be colored with sulfovanillin. Primordial hyphae do not occur.
ecology
The smoky brown pigeon, like all pigeons, is a mycorrhizal fungus that has a symbiosis with pine trees . In addition, spruce and, more rarely, fir trees can also serve as hosts. Only in exceptional cases does the Täubling enter into a symbiosis with deciduous trees.
The Täubling can be found in Hainsimsen-beech forests with interspersed spruce or Scots pine, in montane fir-beech forests, in fir and spruce forests and in the corresponding coniferous forests.
The fungus prefers acidic, nutrient-poor, moderately dry to fresh, shallow to medium-sized soils. It mostly occurs on sandy to sandy loamy podsoles and podsolized brown earths (Hagerböden) over crystalline subsoil. In mesophilic beech, beech-fir and rubble-slope forests, the fungus is only occasionally found in heavily acidified superficial areas over thick humus layers in the root area of spruce or Scots pine.
The fruiting bodies appear from July to October from the lowlands to the higher mountains.
distribution
The smoky brown blubber is a Holarctic species and occurs in almost the entire northern hemisphere. It has been found in North Asia (Asia Minor, Japan, South Korea), North America (USA), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) and Europe. As a meridional to boreal species, it is distributed in Europe from the Mediterranean to the cooler Scandinavian countries.
In Germany you can find the Täubling in all federal states. It occurs scattered from the Danish coast to the northern Alps. It is common to the place, where it occurs it is usually to be found frequently.
Systematics
The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) " adusta ", which is derived from the Latin verb adurere (scorch, burn), like the German name Brandtäubling, is a reference to the blackening fruiting bodies, which look like burnt in old age.
Inquiry systematics
The black startling deafbling belongs to the subsection Nigricantinae , which is in the subgenus Compactae . This subsection summarizes deaflings whose flesh turns red, gray or black when injured. It is closely related to the dense-leaved black-blotch ( Russula densifolia ) and the black- blooming blotch ( Russula albonigra ).
Forms and varieties
The following forms and varieties have been described:
| variety | author | description |
|---|---|---|
| Russula adusta var. Albonigra | ( Krombh. ) Massee (1893) | Is now considered a separate species. See black tarnishing taubling ( R. albonigra ). |
| Russula adusta f. gigantea | Britzelm. (1895) | A particularly large shape with a hat diameter of up to 17 cm and more. |
| Russula adusta f. rubens | Romagn. (1943) | Differs from type, through the first reddening and then browning flesh. |
| Russula adusta var. Coerulescens | Fr. (1863) | A variety whose flesh has a bluish tinge when cut. |
| Russula adusta var. Sabulosa | Bon (1986) | A variety with usually a paler white coffee brown color and a more intense pink color. The lamellas are closer. The cap skin has thicker, slightly clubbed, up to x 8 (10) µm wide hyphae end cells and the Pileocystiden are more pronounced. The variety occurs under pine trees on sandy soils on the Atlantic coast. |
Culinary importance
The young mushroom is edible, but not tasty.
literature
- Henri Romagnesi: Les Russules d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord . essai sur la valeur taxinomique et specifique des caractères morphologiques et microchimiques des spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967, p. 200 f . (French, online ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Russula adusta. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed June 20, 2011 .
- ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 433.
- ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , p. 54 .
- ^ Russula adusta. (PDF DOC) Russulas. Micologia.biz Web de micología Europea, p. 49 , accessed June 20, 2011 (Spanish).
- ↑ Russula adusta ( Memento of the original from July 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at www.rogersmushrooms.com
- ↑ Russula adusta ( English ) In: Russula database . CBS Fungal Biodiversity Center. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
- ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula adusta. In: species.be. Retrieved June 7, 2012 (rare and critically endangered).
- ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online (PDF; 592 kB) [accessed on August 31, 2011]).
- ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed August 31, 2011]). cybertruffle.org.uk cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula adusta. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Russula adusta. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014 ; Retrieved August 16, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Russula adusta. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved August 31, 2012 .
- ↑ Grid map of Russula adusta. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on August 31, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Russula adusta. Pilzoek database, accessed August 31, 2012 .
- ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 1, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula adusta. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved August 31, 2012 .
- ↑ Karl Ernst Georges: adustere . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 153 ( zeno.org ).
- ↑ a b Russula adusta. (PDF (1.4 MB)) Monographic Key to European Russulas (1988). In: The Russulales website w3.uwyo.edu. P. 8 , archived from the original on July 28, 2010 ; Retrieved July 13, 2011 (English, translation by M. Bon's Russula key).
- ^ R. Singer: Russula adusta. (PDF) Monograph of the genus Russula. In: Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt (1932). A. Pascher, p. 365 , accessed July 13, 2011 .
- ^ R. Singer: Russula adusta var. Coerulescens. (PDF) Monograph of the genus Russula. In: Supplements to the Botanisches Centralblatt (1932). A. Pascher, pp. 366-367 , accessed July 13, 2011 .
Web links
- Spore drawing of Russula adusta by H. Romagnesi (1967). In: cbs.knaw.nl. CBS Fungual Biodiversity Center, accessed June 20, 2011.
- Russula adusta. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 .
- Russula adusta. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on June 20, 2011 (Italian, photos from Brand-Täubling).
- Julius Schaeffer: Russula adusta . Russula monograph. In: Annales Mycologici . tape 31 , no. 5-6 , 1933, pp. 312-313 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed July 13, 2011]).
