SMS Thuringia

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SMS Thuringia
SM ship of the line Thueringen.jpg
Ship data
flag German EmpireGerman Empire (Reichskriegsflagge) German Empire
Ship type Large-line ship
class Helgoland class
Shipyard AG Weser , Bremen
Build number 166
building-costs 46,314,000 marks
Launch November 27, 1909
Commissioning September 10, 1911
Whereabouts 1923 to 1933 Gâvres scrapped
Ship dimensions and crew
length
167.2 m ( Lüa )
166.5 m ( KWL )
width 28.5 m
Draft Max. 8.94 m
displacement Construction: 22,808 t
Maximum: 24,700 t
 
crew 1,113 men
Machine system
machine 15 marine boilers
3 vertical 4-cylinder compound engines
2 rudders
Machine
performance 		34,944 hp (25,701 kW)
Top
speed 		21.0 kn (39 km / h)
propeller 3 four-leaf ∅ 5.1 m
Armament
  • 12 × 30.5 cm L / 50 Sk (1,020 shots)
  • 14 × 15 cm L / 45 Sk (2.100 shots)
  • 14 × 8.8 cm L / 45 Sk (including 2 flak , 2,800 rounds)
  • 6 torpedo tubes ∅ 50 cm
    (4 sides, 1 bow, 1 stern under water, 16 rounds)
Armor
  • Waterline: 120-300 mm
  • Deck: 55-80 mm
  • Torpedo bulkhead: 30 mm
  • Towers: 100-300 mm
  • Casemates : 170 mm
  • Front control station: 100–400 mm
  • aft control station: 50–200 mm

SMS Thuringia was the third ship of the Helgoland class , capital ships of the German Imperial Navy . The Thuringia keel was laid in November 1908 at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen . After the launch on November 27, 1909 and completion, the service in the Navy began on July 1, 1911. The ship was equipped with twelve 30.5 cm guns in six twin turrets and had a top speed of 21 knots (39 km / H). The Thuringia was assigned for most of her career, including the First World War, the First Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet.

Together with her three sister ships, the Helgoland , the Ostfriesland and the Oldenburg , the Thuringia took part in all the important naval maneuvers of the First World War in the North Sea against the British large fleet. a. at the Battle of the Skagerrak on May 31 and June 1, 1916, the greatest naval battle of the war. The Thuringia took part in the heavy night fighting in this battle, u. a. on the sinking of the British armored cruiser Black Prince . She also fought against the Imperial Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea , where in August 1915 she participated in the unsuccessful first advance into the Bay of Riga.

After the end of the war in November 1918, most of the ships in the German deep sea fleet were interned in Scapa Flow during the peace negotiations . The four ships of the Helgoland class were allowed to stay in German waters. This saved them from destroying the German fleet in Scapa Flow. The Thuringia and its sister ships were finally ceded to the Allied powers as part of war reparations. After the Thuringia was handed over to France in April 1920, she served as a target ship for the French Navy. She was sunk off Gâvres and broken up there between 1923 and 1933, even if parts of the ship are still there.

history

construction

The construction of the Thuringia was commissioned by the German Imperial Navy under the provisional name of Ersatz-Beowulf, as a replacement for the old coastal armored ship Beowulf . Bremer AG Weser was awarded the contract to build. On November 2, 1908, work began under construction number 166 with the laying of the keel . A year later, on November 27, 1909, the launch took place. The ship was christened by Duchess Adelheid von Sachsen-Altenburg, and Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst gave the corresponding speech. The equipment measures, u. a. the completion of the superstructures and the installation of the armament lasted until June 1911. After their completion, six pontoon launches had to be attached to the new liner to reduce its draft so that it could be towed down the Weser to the North Sea . The Thuringia , named after the central German state, was accepted into the German deep sea fleet on June 1, 1911, less than three years after work began. With a cost of 46.314 million gold marks, she was the most expensive ship in her class.

The ship had a length of 167.2 m with a width of 28.5 m, a draft of 8.94 m and a water displacement of 24,700 tons at full load. It was powered by three triple vertical expansion engines. Fifteen water-tube boilers supplied the machines with the steam they needed. The machines had a maximum output of 39,944  hp (25,701 kW), which enabled a top speed of 21 knots (39 km / h). The Thuringia stashed up to 3,200 tons of coal, so that they could cover 10,200 km at a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km / h). After 1915 the boilers were retrofitted: Oil was to be sprayed on the coal in order to increase the burning capacity. The ship could hold up to 197 tons of oil.

The main armament of Thuringia consisted of twelve 30.5 cm SK-L / 50 guns in six twin turrets, with a turret at the bow, a turret at the stern and two turrets on each side of the ship. The other armament consisted of fourteen 15 cm SK-L / 45 guns and fourteen 8.8 cm SK-L / 45 guns. After 1914, two of the 8.8 cm guns were replaced by 8.8 cm anti-aircraft guns. In addition, Thuringia had six 50 cm underwater torpedo tubes, one at the bow, one at the stern and two each on the broad sides. Their main armor and the armor on the main turrets were 300 mm thick. The top armor was 63.5 mm thick.

Service history

After its commissioning on July 1, 1911, the Thuringia underwent various tests on the high seas, which were completed by September 10. On September 19, she and her sister ships were assigned to the first battle squadron of the deep sea fleet. Then she took part in individual training maneuvers. This was followed by training maneuvers by the first squadron and later fleet maneuvers in November. The annual summer cruise in July and August, which normally went to Norway, was interrupted by the Agadir crisis . As a result, the cruise only led to the Baltic Sea.

The Thuringia and the rest of the fleet went through over the next two years, single, squadron and fleet maneuvers. In October 1913, William Michaelis was promoted to ship commander; he held this post until February 1915.

On July 14, 1914, the annual summer cruise to Norway began. During this final peacetime cruise of the Imperial Navy, the fleet carried out training maneuvers off Skagen before entering the Norwegian fjords on July 25th. The following day, as a result of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia, the fleet returned to Germany. The entire fleet gathered off Cape Skudenes on July 27, before returning to their home port, where they were in increased readiness. The next day war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, and within a week all leading European powers were involved in the conflict, the First World War . Since July 29th, the Thuringia stayed with the other ships of the first squadron in Wilhelmshaven. During the first year of the war, the Protestant pastor Martin Niemöller was an officer on the Thuringia . Niemöller became known as a resistance fighter against the Nazi regime.

First World War

The disposition of the deep sea fleet on the morning of December 16, 1914 during the attack on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby

The Thuringia took part in the first use of the German fleet from November 2nd to 3rd, 1914 in the North Sea. No British ships were encountered during this mission. A second mission took place from December 15th to 16th. This mission was due to a strategy of Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , the commander of the high seas fleet. Admiral von Ingenohl intended to use the battlecruisers to attack cities along the British coast. The cruisers from the reconnaissance unit under the command of Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper were supposed to lure out individual ships of the British fleet in order to then destroy them by the imperial deep sea fleet. In the early morning of December 15, the German fleet left its home port and attacked the English coastal towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. On the same evening the German battle fleet approached with twelve capital ships, u. a. the Thuringia and its three sister ships, and eight small combat ships an isolated squadron of six British battleships at a distance of up to 10 nautical miles (19 km). Individual skirmishes between the destroyers under cover of darkness convinced von Ingenohl that he was dealing with the entire British fleet. Since Kaiser Wilhelm II had ordered not to endanger the German fleet unnecessarily, von Ingenohl broke off the battle and the battle fleet returned to Germany.

On January 24, 1915, the battle took place on the Dogger Bank , during which the first and second battle squadrons of British Vice Admiral David Beatty attacked the battle cruisers of the German first reconnaissance squadron. The Thuringia and the remaining ships of the battle squadron ran out to strengthen the outnumbered German battle cruisers. The first squadron left the port together with the small combat ships of the second squadron at 12:33 p.m. The German deep sea fleet arrived too late and could not discover any British ships, drove back and anchored again at 19:05 in the Schillig roadstead in front of Wilhelmshaven. In the meantime, the great cruiser Blücher came under heavy fire and was sunk, the battle cruiser Seydlitz was badly damaged by fire. Ingenohl was then removed from his post on February 2 by Kaiser Wilhelm II and replaced by Admiral Hugo von Pohl .

Identification drawing of a battleship from the Heligoland class

The eight ships of the first squadron pulled into the Baltic Sea on February 22, 1915 for the purpose of formation maneuvers, which lasted until March 13. After their return to the North Sea, the ships took part in a number of missions, all of which were uneventful, on 29-30. March 17-18 April 21-22 April 17-18 May and 29-30. May. The Thuringia and the other ships of the deep-sea fleet stayed in the port until August 4th, when the first squadron pulled back into the Baltic Sea for a series of further training maneuvers. Thereafter, the squadron was assigned to the naval forces, which tried in August 1915 to evict the Russian Navy from the Riga Bay. The attack forces included the eight battleships of the first squadron, the battle cruisers Von der Tann , Moltke and Seydlitz , some small cruisers, 32 destroyers and 13 minesweepers. The plan provided for clearing paths in the Russian minefields so that the Russian naval forces, etc. a. the ship of the line Slava , could be destroyed. The Germans then wanted to move their own minefields to prevent the Russian ships from returning to the Riga Bay. The Thuringia and most of the other large ships in the deep sea fleet stayed outside the bay during the entire mission. The ships of the line Nassau and Posen were assigned on August 16 to accompany the minesweepers and to destroy the Slava . They did not succeed in sinking the old battleship. After three days, however, the Russian minefields were cleared, and on August 19 the fleet drove into the bay. Reports of Allied submarines in this area ensured that the German ships withdrew from the bay the next day. On August 26th, the ships of the first squadron were back in Wilhelmshaven.

From October 23 to 24, the deep sea fleet undertook its last major offensive under the command of Pohls, which ended without contact with British forces. In January 1916, von Pohl was so weakened by liver cancer that he could no longer meet his obligations. He was replaced by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer in January.

Scheer suggested a more aggressive course of action to force a confrontation with the British battle fleet. For this he received the emperor's approval in February. Scheer's first mission was a foray into the North Sea from March 5th to 7th and then from March 21st to 22nd and from March 25th to 26th. During the next mission carried out by Scheer, Thuringia supported an attack on the English coast on April 24, 1916: German battle cruisers left the Jade Bay at 10:55 a.m. The rest of the ocean-going fleet followed at 1:40 p.m. On the way to its destination, the battle cruiser Seydlitz came across a mine and had to retreat. The other battle cruisers bombarded the town of Lowestoft with no countermeasures, but as they approached the town of Yarmouth they encountered the British Harwich Association battlecruisers. A short artillery duel took place until the ships of the Harwich Association withdrew. Reports of British submarines in the area caused the First Reconnaissance Squadron to withdraw. At this time Scheer ordered the withdrawal into German waters, as he had been warned about the departure of the British battle fleet from their base in Scapa Flow.

Battle of the Skagerrak

Maneuvers of the British (blue) and German (red) fleets from May 31st to June 1st, 1916

The Thuringia participated in the entire fleet operation that led to the Skagerrak Battle on May 31 and June 1, 1916. Once again the German deep sea fleet tried to lure out and isolate part of the British large fleet in order to be able to destroy it before the British main fleet could take countermeasures. During the mission, the Thuringia was the second ship in the first division of the first squadron and the tenth ship in the line, directly behind the Ostfriesland , the flagship of the squadron, and in front of another sister ship, the Helgoland . The first squadron formed the center of the German line behind the eight battleships of the König- and Kaiser-class of the third squadron. The six older ships of the line of the third and fourth divisions of the second squadron formed the rear formation.

Shortly before 4:00 p.m., the battlecruisers of the first reconnaissance unit met the British first battlecruiser squadron under the command of David Beatty. An artillery duel began between the opposing ships, with the Indefatigable shortly after 5 p.m. and the Queen Mary destroyed barely half an hour later. Around this time the German battleships were steaming southward to direct the British ships towards the main association of the German deep sea fleet. At 5:30 p.m., the crew of the leading German battleship, the König, watched the ships of the first reconnaissance unit and the first battle cruiser unit approach. The German battleships went to the starboard side, while the British ships moved to the port side. At 17:45, Scheer gave the order to turn towards the port side so that his ships could approach the British battlecruisers. A minute later the order to shoot was issued.

While the leading German battleships attacked the British battleship squadron, the ships of the British second light cruiser squadron were shelled by the Thuringia and ten other battleships too far away to attack the British battleships. The Thuringia and the Crown Prince attacked the cruiser Dublin , but both ships did not hit the opposing ship. The Thuringia fired eight minutes at ranges of 17,000 to 19,000 m and used twenty-nine 30.5 cm shells. The British destroyers Nestor and Nomad , which had previously been incapacitated in the attack, were directly on the path of the approaching German deep-sea fleet. The Thuringia and three other battleships destroyed the Nestor with their main and secondary guns, while the Nomad was sunk by several battleships of the third squadron. Shortly after 7.15 p.m., the British capital ship Warspite came within range. At 7:25 p.m. the Thuringia began to bombard this ship with all of its guns, at ranges of 9,700 to 10,800 m. She fired twenty-one 12-inch shells and thirty-seven 6-inch shells in five or six minutes. Then the Warspite disappeared from the range of the Thuringian guns without being hit any further. Then the Thuringia shelled the Malaya . This was followed by bombardment of the Malaya with the main guns over a period of seven minutes , also without success, at a range of 12,900 m. On Scheer's orders, the Thuringia then turned 180 ° to move away from the British fleet.

At 11:30 p.m., the German fleet formed to cross enemy lines under cover of night. The Thuringia was the seventh ship in the front of the line, which consisted of 24 ships. An hour later, the leading ships of the German line met light ships of the British Navy, and a fierce battle ensued at close range. At around 1:10 a.m., the British armored cruiser Black Prince came straight into the German shipping line. The Thuringia illuminated the British ship with their searchlights and fired at it with volleys of 30.5 cm shells at close range. The first volley hit the Black Prince's rear turret , which was apparently swept overboard. The Thuringia fired a total of ten 30.5 cm grenades, twenty-seven 15 cm grenades and twenty-four 8.8 cm grenades. She was joined by three other battleships, and soon the Black Prince was destroyed by a huge ammunition explosion. About half an hour later, the Thuringia spotted a ship that was initially identified as a Birkenhead-class cruiser. She fired a flare to illuminate the British cruiser and fired the smaller guns at it. The ship turned out to be the destroyer Turbulent . The Thuringia fired eighteen 15-cm and six 88mm grenades before another flare was shot down. The Turbulent seemed to be tipping to the starboard side, but not yet sinking. Later she was sunk by the cruiser Regensburg and the destroyers V71 and V73.

Despite the fierceness of the night fighting, the German deep sea fleet slammed through the line of British destroyers and reached Horns Reef at 4:00 a.m. on June 1st. A few hours later the fleet reached the Jade Bay. The Thuringia , Helgoland , Nassau and Westphalia took up defensive positions in the outer roadstead, and the four undamaged ships of the third squadron anchored just outside the entry locks at Wilhelmshaven. The remaining eight capital ships drove into the harbor, where those that were still in a combat-ready state took up ammunition and fuel supplies. In the course of this battle, Thuringia had shot one hundred and seven 30.5 cm shells, one hundred and fifteen 15 cm shells and twenty-two 8.8 cm shells. The ship itself and its crew had emerged unscathed from the battle.

Further missions

On August 18, Admiral Scheer tried to repeat the May 31 mission. The two serviceable German battleships (the Moltke and the Von der Tann ), supported by three capital ships, were to bombard the city of Sunderland to lure out and destroy Beatty's battle cruiser. The remaining ships in the fleet, u. a. the Thuringia should come after and provide for coverage. The British Signaling Service informed Jellicoe of the German departure later that day. He then sent the large British fleet to intercept the Germans. Within sight of the English coast, Scheer had the ships turned northwards after receiving a false report from a zeppelin about an English unit in the area. So the shelling did not take place. At 14:35 on August 19, Scheer was informed of the approaching large British fleet. He turned his ships and they withdrew to the German ports.

From September 25 to 26, 1916, the Thuringia and the other ships of the first squadron covered an advance that was carried out by the second commander of the torpedo boats in the direction of the Terschelling Bank. Scheer carried out another fleet deployment from October 18 to 20 in the direction of Dogger Bank. However, an oar damage ensured that the Thuringia could not take part in this mission. For most of 1917, Thuringia had to guard the German bay. During the Albion operation (attack on the Russian-occupied islands in the Riga Bay), the Thuringians and their three sister ships moved to the sound to block any attempts by the British to intervene. The four ships reached the Putziger Wiek on October 28th and steamed on October 29th. on to Arensburg. This operation was brought to an end on November 2nd, and the Thuringia and their sisters began their return journey to the North Sea. One last unsuccessful failure took place from April 23 to 24, 1918. The Thuringia , the Ostfriesland and Nassau became a Special Unit for the company keystone formed a planned occupation of the city Saint Petersburg . The three ships reached the Baltic Sea on August 10, but the operation was postponed and eventually canceled. The special unit was disbanded on August 21, and the battleships were back in Wilhelmshaven on August 23.

The men of Thuringia

The Thuringia and her three sisters were in 1918 still participate in a final company on the part of the deep-sea fleet in late October, days before the ceasefire came into force. The majority of the ocean-going fleet was to leave its base in Wilhelmshaven to attack the large British fleet. Scheer, now Grand Admiral of the Fleet, intended to do as much damage as possible to the British Navy. In his view, Germany's negotiating position should be improved and the expected sacrifices should be accepted. Before falling into enemy hands, the proud navy should go down with waving flags. Although top secret, the teams got wind of this action.

A few days earlier, a sailor envoy from the Thuringia went to the first officer and explained that the planned naval advance was probably not in the interests of the new Reich government. The first officer replied bitterly (according to the later testimony of the sailor before the court martial investigator): “Yes, this is your government”, an exchange that sheds light on how the fronts actually went.

Dissatisfaction had long smoldered among the crews of the German deep-sea fleet. As early as 1917 there had been disciplinary violations with political undertones. They were suppressed with an iron hand and severely punished. But nothing of the sort had been repeated since that criminal court. There is nothing to suggest that the intimidated sailors now, with the longed-for end of the war in sight, would have intended to risk their lives at the last moment in a great mutiny, just as little in a great sea battle. But when they were given the choice of either one way or another, the crews of several large ships (by no means all of them) decided in favor of the mutiny, certainly not out of cowardice - mutiny in war is still necessary more personal courage to death than fighting in battle - but because they believed they were right.

The war-weary sailors were convinced that this operation would disrupt the peace process and prolong the war. On the morning of October 29, 1918, the order was given to leave Wilhelmshaven the next day. From the night of October 29, the teams on the Thuringia were the first to decide to mutiny. The stokers tore the charcoal fires from the boilers, refused to work, and so made the ship unable to move. The admirals and officers couldn't put up with that. The following day the torpedo boats B110 and B112 as well as the submarine U-135 came up and aimed the guns on the Thuringia . An admiral gave the Thuringia an ultimatum to surrender the mutinous men. Then another ship turned, the Helgoland , and directed the middle artillery at the torpedo boats. After breathtaking minutes, in which the mutinous and the not yet mutinous German ships had pointed their cannons at each other, the mutineers surrendered on the Thuringia . A large part of the ship's crews, both Thuringia and Helgoland , 314 sailors and 124 stokers, were arrested and taken away. In this respect, the officers had won first. But this measure was not enough to bring the mutiny to a standstill, which quickly spread throughout the entire fleet. The unrest ultimately ensured that Hipper and Scheer broke off the company. When he was informed of the situation, the emperor declared: "I have no more navy."

Days later, the German Revolution began with the sailors' uprising in Kiel and the Kaiser fled Germany on November 9, 1918. That was the victory of the teams that had risked their lives for the emperor and fatherland for four years.

The commanders of the Thuringia

October 1913 to February 1915 Sea captain William Michaelis
February 1915 to September 1915 Sea captain Hugo Langemak
September 1915 to November 1916 Sea captain Hans Küsel
November 1916 to October 1917 Sea captain Thilo von Trotha
October 1917 to March 1918 Sea captain Hans Herr
March to December 1918 Sea captain Karl Windmüller

The end

After Germany's surrender in November 1918, most of the ships in the German deep sea fleet were interned at the British naval base in Scapa Flow under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter. The Thuringia and their three sisters, together with the four Nassau-class battleships, were allowed to remain in German waters during the peace negotiations. On the morning of June 21, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to hold training maneuvers. In her absence, Reuter gave orders to the crews to sink the ten battleships and five battlecruisers interned in Scapa Flow.

The Thuringia was taken out of service on December 16, 1918 and used as a barracks ship during its stay in German waters. On November 5, 1919, her entry in the naval register was deleted; it no longer existed as a warship. The fate of the remaining eight German battleships was determined in the Versailles Treaty, which stated that the ships were to be disarmed and handed over to the governments of the leading Allied forces. The Thuringia was ceded to the French Navy on April 29, 1920 under the designation "L". An emergency team accompanied the ship to Cherbourg for the official handover. The French Navy used it as a target for a short time before it was sunk off Gâvres. Between 1923 and 1933 it was partially scrapped on site, even if considerable parts of the ship still remained off the French coast.

literature

  • John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 .
  • Robert Gardiner, Randal Gray (Eds.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906-1921 . Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1985, ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8 .
  • Henry B. Garland, Mary Garland: The Oxford Companion to German Literature . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986, ISBN 978-0-19-866139-9 .
  • Axel Grießmer: The ships of the line of the Imperial Navy . Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Bonn 1999, ISBN 978-3-7637-5985-9 .
  • Erich Gröner: German Warships: 1815-1945, Major Surface Vessels. I. Ed .: Dieter Jung, Martin Maass. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1990, ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6 .
  • Paul G. Halpern: A Naval History of World War I . Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1995, ISBN 978-1-55750-352-7 .
  • Holger Herwig: "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 . Humanity Books, Amherst 1998, ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9 .
  • Neil M. Heyman: World War I . Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport 1997, ISBN 978-0-313-29880-6 .
  • Hans H. Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, Hans-Otto Steinmetz: The German warships. 7. Mundus Verlag, Ratingen 1993, ISBN 978-3-8364-9743-5 .
  • Robert K. Massie : Castles of Steel . Ballantine Books, New York City 2003, ISBN 978-0-345-40878-5 .
  • Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914–1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 .
  • Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914–1918. 2. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-468-8 .
  • VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, 31 May 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 .
  • Sebastian Haffner: The German Revolution 1918/19 . Rowohlt, 2004, ISBN 978-3-499-61622-8 .
  • Christian Stachelbeck: Germany's army and navy in the First World War . 2013, ISBN 978-3-486-85472-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914–1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 , pp. 44 .
  2. ↑ a b Erich Groner: German Warships: 1815-1945, Major Surface Vessels. I. Ed .: Dieter Jung, Martin Maass. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1990, ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6 , pp. 24 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Erich Gröner: German Warships: 1815-1945, Major Surface Vessels. I. Ed .: Dieter Jung, Martin Maass. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1990, ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6 , pp. 25 .
  4. ↑ Axel Grießmer: The ships of the line of the Imperial Navy . Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Bonn 1999, ISBN 978-3-7637-5985-9 , pp. 177 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Robert Gardiner, Randal Gray (Ed.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921 . Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1985, ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8 , pp. 146 .
  6. ^ Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914-1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 , pp. 43-44 .
  7. ^ Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914-1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 , pp. 8 .
  8. ↑ Hans H. Hildebrand, Albert Röhr, Hans-Otto Steinmetz: The German warships. 7. Mundus Verlag, Ratingen 1993, ISBN 978-3-8364-9743-5 , pp. 230 .
  9. ^ Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914-1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 , pp. 11 .
  10. ^ Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914-1918. 2. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-468-8 , pp. 14 .
  11. ↑ Neil M. Heyman: World War I . Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport 1997, ISBN 978-0-313-29880-6 , pp. 19 .
  12. ^ Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914-1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 , pp. 11, 43 .
  13. ^ Henry B. Garland, Mary Garland: The Oxford Companion to German Literature . Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986, ISBN 978-0-19-866139-9 , pp. 669 .
  14. ↑ Holger Herwig: "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918 . Humanity Books, Amherst 1998, ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9 , pp. 149-150 .
  15. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 31-33 .
  16. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 38 .
  17. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 43 .
  18. ↑ Paul G. Halpern: A Naval History of World War I . Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1995, ISBN 978-1-55750-352-7 , pp. 196 .
  19. ↑ Paul G. Halpern: A Naval History of World War I . Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1995, ISBN 978-1-55750-352-7 , pp. 197-198 .
  20. ↑ Holger Herwig: "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918 . Humanity Books, Amherst 1998, ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9 , pp. 161 .
  21. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 50 .
  22. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 226 .
  23. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 94-95 .
  24. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 110 .
  25. ^ John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 , pp. 54 .
  26. ^ John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 , pp. 99 .
  27. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 114 .
  28. ^ John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 , pp. 101 .
  29. ^ John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 , pp. 154 .
  30. ^ John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 , pp. 155 .
  31. ^ John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 , pp. 275 .
  32. ^ John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 , pp. 290 .
  33. ^ John Campbell: Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting . Conway Maritime Press, London 1998, ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1 , pp. 293 .
  34. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 246-247 .
  35. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 263 .
  36. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 292 .
  37. ↑ Erich Gröner: German Warships: 1815-1945, Major Surface Vessels. I. Ed .: Dieter Jung, Martin Maass. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis 1990, ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6 , pp. 56-57 .
  38. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 277 .
  39. ^ A b Robert K. Massie : Castles of Steel . Ballantine Books, New York City 2003, ISBN 978-0-345-40878-5 , pp. 682 .
  40. ^ A b c d Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914–1918. 2. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-468-8 , pp. 15 .
  41. ^ Robert K. Massie : Castles of Steel . Ballantine Books, New York City 2003, ISBN 978-0-345-40878-5 , pp. 683 .
  42. ↑ a b Sebastian Haffner: The German Revolution 1918/19 . Rowohlt, 2004, ISBN 978-3-499-61622-8 .
  43. ↑ Christian Stachelbeck: Germany's Army and Navy in the First World War . 2013, ISBN 978-3-486-85472-5 .
  44. ^ Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914-1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 , pp. 43, 46 .
  45. ^ Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914-1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 , pp. 46 .
  46. ^ A b Gary Staff: German Battleships: 1914-1918. 1. Osprey Books, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1 , pp. 44 .
  47. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 280-281 .
  48. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 281-282 .
  49. ^ VE Tarrant: Jutland: The German Perspective, a New View of the Great Battle, May 31, 1916 . Cassell Military Paperbacks, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-304-35848-9 , pp. 282 .
  50. ↑ Holger Herwig: "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918 . Humanity Books, Amherst 1998, ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9 , pp. 252 .