Samandarin
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General | |||||||||||||
Surname | Samandarin | ||||||||||||
other names |
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Molecular formula | C 19 H 31 NO 2 | ||||||||||||
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properties | |||||||||||||
Molar mass | 305.46 g · mol -1 | ||||||||||||
Physical state |
firmly |
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Melting point |
187-188 ° C |
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Toxicological data | |||||||||||||
As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . |
Samandarin is a chemical compound from the group of oxazolidine derivatives that occurs naturally as a skin poison in the salamandra genera (including fire salamander ( S. salamandra ) and alpine salamander ( S. atra )) and Lycia salamandra . The complex structure of this compound could only be deciphered after extensive crystallographic investigations. The structure of the molecule with four linked rings is very similar to steroids ; the basic structure of the four-ring system is 3- aza- A-homo-5β-androstane . Due to the presence of a nitrogen atom in one of the rings, samandarin is one of the alkaloids , more precisely to the salamander alkaloids .
The biosynthesis of samandarin starts from cholesterol ; the nitrogen atom comes from glutamine .
Samandarin causes respiratory inhibition, high blood pressure, arrhythmias of the heart and hemolysis in humans . It is a highly effective local anesthetic , but is unsuitable for medical use due to its high toxicity. The physiological effect of samandarin depends on both the amount and the concentration. According to certain signs, it makes a difference whether the salamander is actively spraying its venom into the area or releasing it into the environment in a flowing burst. Studies have shown that from a certain amount of poison the toxic effects of samandarin no longer increase (so-called over-maximum dose).
Individual evidence
- ^ Brockhaus ABC Chemie , VEB FA Brockhaus Verlag Leipzig 1965, page 1222.
- ↑ a b c d e entry on salamander alkaloids. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on September 6, 2013.
- ↑ This substance has either not yet been classified with regard to its hazardousness or a reliable and citable source has not yet been found.
- ↑ a b Entry on Samandarin in the ChemIDplus database of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) .
- ↑ Miguel Vences, Eugenia Sanchez, J. Susanne Hauswaldt, Daniel Eikelmann, Ariel Rodríguez, Salvador Carranza, David Donaire, Marcelo Gehara, Véronique Helfer, Stefan Lötters, Philine Werner, Stefan Schulz, Sebastian Steinfartz: Nuclear and mitochondrial multilocus phylogeny and survey of alkaloid content in true salamanders of the genus Salamandra (Salamandridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, January 2014, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2013.12.009 .