Samuel Marx (rabbi)

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Family tree Marx on his father's side

Samuel Marx (born October 1775 in Saarlouis ; died February 20, 1827 in Trier ) was a chief rabbi and uncle of Karl Marx .

The family

Parents and siblings

Samuel Marx Levi , since 1808 Samuel Marx, was probably the first child of his parents, the rabbi Samuel Marx Levi (also Mordechai ) (born around 1746 in ( Bosenberg ) / Böhmen ; died October 24, 1804 in Trier) and his Mother of the rabbi's daughter Eva (Chaje) Moses Lewuw (approx. 1757 in Ansbach - 13 May 1823 in Trier) born in October 1775 in Trier. On August 5, 1788, his grandfather, Rabbi Moses Lwów, died in Trier. Samuel has seven other siblings:

  • Heinrich (Heschel, Henry) was born in Saarlouis, where his father worked temporarily as a rabbi. The lawyer Heinrich Marx is the father of Karl Marx.
  • Esther Marx (first half of 1786 in Trier - July 16, 1865 in Frankfurt am Main ). She married the businessman Gabriel Kosel (1780–1857). Karl Marx, who visited her in 1863, became her inheritance with all living children and grandchildren due to faulty wills.
  • Moyses (Moises) Marx (approx. 1788/1789 - March 19, 1808 in Trier) student.
  • Babette Marx (March 1789 in Trier - 7 June 1875 in Trier) married Alexandre Blum (1782–1862) in Strasbourg on May 19, 1813 and moved with him to Algiers . After the death of her husband, she lived with her sister Esther Kosel in Frankfurt am Main, where she visited Karl Marx in 1863.
  • Cerf (Zerf, Hirsch) Marx (born March 1790 in Trier) attended a Trier school with awards (1804–1808). In 1813 he traveled to Paris with his brother Samuel to become a watchmaker. Marries Henriette Medex in Aachen on October 11, 1819 and converts to the Catholic faith with his wife and six children at Pentecost 1831.
  • Golem Levi (August 1798 in Trier - August 2, 1799 in Trier).
  • Jacobus (Jacques) Marx Lewy (June 16, 1800 in Trier - January 6, 1850 in Schlettstadt). In 1808 his brother Samuel decides that his name will be Jakob Marx in the future. He is a businessman in Schlettstadt and married to Rose Blum (June 1, 1826). He has two daughters, Rachel and Henriette .

Wife and children

In 1809 Samuel Marx married Michle Brisac (Brisack) in Luneville (April 1781 in Lunéville - 27 May 1860 in Trier). The marriage resulted in seven children, all of whom were born in Trier:

  • Malka (Amalia) (born October 30, 1810) married Jacob Baer around 1830 and lives in Tholey and has two children
  • Marcus (Marc) (May 13, 1812 - March 25, 1852 in Trier) gardener, single.
  • Caroline (born January 4, 1814) married on August 20, 1839 in Zweibrücken Max Gugenheim , who lives in Paris .
  • Dr. Moses (Moyses) (born May 14, 1815) married Regina Freund on July 2, 1858 and was a Hebrew teacher in Gleiwitz . He died on July 30, 1894 in Frankfurt a. M.
  • Sara (born July 2, 1819) marries on August 22, 1849 in Trier Israel Lazarus in lives in Trier after 1877.
  • Bella (Betty) (October 26, 1821 - February 7, 1906 in Tholey) married the merchant Jacob Baer (born 1802) on June 11, 1842. Her tombstone in the Jewish cemetery in Tholey is still preserved. Her granddaughter Elasa (Elise) Haas arrives with her husband Wilhelm Haas in 1943 in Theresienstadt concentration camp . Her husband died there on September 14, 1944. She survived the Holocaust . Elise Haas is a lyric poet from whom almost seventy texts have survived.
  • Henriette (February 17, 1823 - February 17, 1823 in Trier).

Samuel Marx registers all births personally at the registry office. When Caroline is born, his brother Heinrich is also present as a witness to register the birth.

Life

It is still unknown where Samuel Marx did his training. When his father died on October 24, 1804 and was buried by his community in the Jewish cemetery in Trier , his son Samuel was appointed chief rabbi in Trier, which he held until his death. He lived with his family the whole time in the synagogue ( Jewish school ) in Trier at 183 Weberbach Street.

Old Jewish cemetery in Trier, where he and many of his family were buried.

A high point in his life was probably his participation in the great Sanhedrin (High Council) convened by Emperor Napoleon I in Paris, which met from February 9, 1807 to February 23, 1807 under the chairmanship of David Sinzheim . The decisions of the Sanhedrin were largely approved by Napoleon and led to substantial civil equality of Jews in the French state, even if some conditions (trade patents, interest regulations, discrimination against Jews from Alsace and the left bank of the Rhine, etc.) were later reintroduced.

On August 16, 1807, the Jewish community, chaired by Samuel Marx, held a celebration in honor of Napoleon. Samuel Marx called on "the youth of the Israelites". "That they should learn craft, agriculture and the sciences". On July 4, 1808, according to the decree of July 20, 1808, Samuel Marx declared that he and his siblings would use the family name "Marx".

By imperial decree of April 13, 1809 he was appointed chief rabbi and head of the consistory of the Saar, forests and Sambre / Maas departments . On September 6th of the same year his mother married the rabbi of the High German Jewish Congregation of Amsterdam, Moses Saul Löwenstamm. On August 10, 1810, he was the best man with his brother Heinrich Marx at the wedding of his sister Esther Marx to Gabriel Kosel in Trier.

At the end of 1813 he accompanied his brother Cerf to Paris, who was supposed to learn the watchmaking trade there. On August 4, 1814, Samuel Marx and seven other witnesses confirmed that his brother Heinrich was born in Saarlouis in April 1777. On June 3, 1815, at the end of Napoleonic rule, the Jewish community in Trier expected, albeit in vain, the equality of the Jews , as it was in the Jewish edict of 1812 by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III . had been promised. Samuel certainly attended the funeral in the Jewish cemetery on Weidegasse of his nephew Mauritz David (1815–1819), who died on April 15, 1819. In the years from 1823 onwards, Samuel took care of the establishment and promotion of the school system, including for Jewish children. On May 13, 1823 his mother, who lived in Wasserbillig ( Luxembourg ), died while visiting Trier. On February 27, 1827, the Trier chief rabbi Samuel Marx died in Trier and was buried in the Jewish cemetery. Samuel and his family maintained contact with his brother Heinrich Marx and his family, even after his death.

literature

  • Collection des procés-verbaux et décisions du Grand Sanhédrin, convoqué à Paris, par ordre de sa majesté l'impereur et roi, dans le mois de février et mars 1807, poubli 130e par M. Diogène Tama. Paris 1807.
  • From dark times. In: The New World . Attachment Forward. Berlin, 19th year 1894, No. 18 and 19.
  • Bernhard Wachstein : The descent from Karl Marx. In: Festkrift i anledning af Professor David Simonsens 70-aarige Fodestag. Kobenhavn 1923, pp. 278-289.
  • Eugen Lewin-Dorsch: family and pedigree of Karl Marx. In: The bell. 9th year, 1923, pp. 309 ff. And 340 ff.
  • H. Horowitz: The Lwów family. In: Monthly magazine for the history and science of Judaism. 72nd volume, 1928, pp. 487-499.
  • Bernhard Brilling : Contributions to the history of the Jews in Trier. In: Trierisches Jahrbuch 1958, Trier 1958, pp. 46–50.
  • Heinz Monz : Karl Marx and Trier. Relationships relationships influences. New publishing house, Trier 1964.
  • Theresia Zimmer: On the history of the Jews at the beginning of the 19th century. In: New Trierisches Jahrbuch 1965, pp. 103-108.
  • Erwin Schaaf, The lower school in the Trier-Saarbrücken area from the late Enlightenment to the restoration. 1780-1825. Phil. Diss., Trier 1966.
  • Eugen Rapp: Epithaphs for ancestors of Karl Marx in the Jewish cemetery in Trier. In: Trier magazine for the history and art of the Trier region and its neighboring areas. 1970, pp. 175-182.
  • Adalbert Bauer: Karl Marx on the 150th birthday. Brief reference to ancestors and descendants. In: Genealogy. German magazine for family studies. Vol. IX., 17./18. Vol., 1968/69, Neustadt ad Aisch 1968, pp. 179-181.
  • Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, pp. 214-238.
  • Monz, Heinz: The Jewish origin of Karl Marx. In: Yearbook of the Institute for German History. Volume II. Tel Aviv 1973, 173-197.
  • Albert Rauch: The "Great Sanhedrin" in Paris and its influence on the Jewish Marx family in Trier. In: Richard Laufner, Albert Rausch: The Marx family and the Trier Jews. Trier 1975. (= writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus . Issue 14)
  • Gero von Wilcke: Karl Marx's circle of relatives in Trier. On the 100th anniversary of his death. In: Genealogy. German magazine for family studies. Issue 12/1983. Neustadt ad Aisch 1983, pp. 761-782.
  • Isabell Laufner: 100 Years of Weberbach Street in Trier, 1785–1885. Notes on their architectural, religious and social history. In: Regional history quarterly papers. 30, 1984, pp. 95-107.
  • Jews in Trier. Catalog of an exhibition from the City Archives and City Library Trier. March – November 1988 with the assistance of Horst Mühleisen and Bernhard Simon, arr. von Reiner Nolden, Trier 1988. (= exhibition catalogs Trier libraries. No. 15),
  • Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Pahl-Rugenstein, Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-89144-185-1 , pp. 19-97.
  • Heinz Monz: Marx, Samuel. In: Trier Biographical Lexicon. Overall processing: Heinz Monz. Verlag der Landesarchivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Koblenz 2000, ISBN 3-931014-49-5 , p. 285.
  • Michael Brocke and Julius Carlebach (editors), edited by Carsten Lorenz Wilke : MARX, Samuel. In: Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbis. Part 1: The rabbis of the emancipation period in the German, Bohemian and Greater Poland countries 1781–1871. KG Saur, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-598-24871-7 , p. 647 f.
  • Willi Körtels: Elise Haas. A poet from Trier. Friends of the Synagogue Könen; Konz 2008. (updated edition, self-published, Konz 2018).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Der Orden Brie Briss , Communications of the Grand Lodge for Germany VIII UCBB (= United Order B'nai B'rith). Scrapbook jew. Knowledge 167.
  2. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: An unexpected inheritance. In: IMSF yearbook. 12. International Marx-Engels Research, Frankfurt / M. 1987, p. 181 ff.
  3. ↑ Leonhard Aloys Joseph Nellessen : The baptism of a Jewish family on the evening before the holy Whitsun festival in 1831 in the main parish church, for the sake of healing. Nicolaus in Aachen. Verlag der Cremer'schen Buchhandlung 1831.
  4. ↑ Grave in the Ratbeil cemetery in Frankfurt.
  5. ↑ Eugen Rapp: Epithaphs for ancestors of Karl Marx in the Jewish cemetery in Trier.
  6. ↑ In his passport of December 13, 1813, Samuel Marx is described: "Height 168 cm, black hair, brown eyes, beard."
personal data
SURNAME Marx, Samuel
BRIEF DESCRIPTION rabbi
DATE OF BIRTH October 1775
PLACE OF BIRTH Saarlouis
DATE OF DEATH February 20, 1827
Place of death trier