Sandhof (Frankfurt am Main)

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The Sandhof with manor house, approx. 1810. Drawing by Johann Friedrich Morgenstern , engraving by JG Reinheimer

The Sandhof (also Schafhof was called) one since the High Middle Ages notarized estate in Wildbann Dreieich southwest of Frankfurt was incorporated, whose territory in 1891 there. The farm was owned by the Frankfurt Commander of the Teutonic Order for around 600 years . In the 18th century, the Sandhof was expanded to include a castle-like mansion , which, among other things, served as an entertainment establishment. After damage in the Second World War , the buildings were restored, integrated into the complex of what was then the municipal hospital and finally demolished. There are no visible traces of the buildings of the Sandhof left above ground.

location

The Sandhof was south of the river Main between the Frankfurt district Sachsenhausen and the village Niederrad (incorporated in 1900 as Frankfurt-Niederrad ). According to a map of the Frankfurter Landwehr drawn up by the Frankfurt historian Eduard Pelissier in 1905 , the Sandhof and the Sandhöfer Feld were just outside their borders. The closest weir yard in the Frankfurt area of ​​influence was the Riedhof to the east, within the Landwehr . According to a topographic map of Frankfurt from 1893 from Meyer's Konversationslexikon , the Sandhof was located roughly where Buchenrodestrasse meets Sandhofstrasse in today's Niederrad district on its eastern border . The property with the former location of the Sandhof is now adjacent to the south-west of the Frankfurt University Hospital and the Main-Neckar Railway . The exact locations of the manor and manor house can no longer be made out on site; Only the street names Sandhofstraße and Sandhöfer Allee in Niederrad and Mittlerer Schafhofweg and Oberer Schafhofweg on Lerchesberg in neighboring Sachsenhausen point to the history of the farm .

history

The Sandhöfer Feld is shown on this map from 1879 (top right); a reference to the location of the manor

Both names of the estate come from the sandy soil on which the buildings and the surrounding areas lay ("Sandhof"). This soil was suitable for the rearing and keeping of sheep on a large scale for the time ("Schafhof"). In 1537 the number of sheep kept there was given as 300 animals.

From the 12th to the 15th century

The Sandhof was first mentioned in a document in 1193. Emperor Heinrich VI. gave the Reichsministerial Kuno I. von Munzenberg († 1207) the privately owned estate free of interest as “allodium nostrum in Frowenwege” (“our allod [free property] on the Frauenweg”). In 1221 his son, Ulrich I von Munzenberg , donated the Sandhof to the Teutonic Order, in whose possession it remained almost uninterrupted until 1809.

Between the Teutonic Order and the city of Frankfurt, there were repeated conflicts over the fortification of the property from the late Middle Ages to the early modern period . Since 1336 the city held a privilege granted by Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian , which forbade the construction of fortified fortifications within a radius of five miles around the city. The Frankfurt historian and clergyman Anton Kirchner wrote about it in 1807 in his work History of the City of Frankfurt:

“On the Sandhof the German order had built a stock ( defense tower ) and prison behind the council [here: without a permit] ; the latter forced him to keep both and enforced his right to have the court inspected; but in vain, the Council, the Sandhof for Goldstein tried [the in Schwanheim located Wasserburg Goldstein ] exchange. "
The boundary stones of the Schäferstein Path from the 15th century. - the only relics of the Sandhof. Stone with bar cross of the Teutonic Order

There was also a dispute for more than a hundred years about grazing justice in the adjacent forest areas, which originally belonged to the royal wilderness of Dreieich . In 1372 Frankfurt had acquired part of the Wildbanns that had been pledged by the emperor to the then Frankfurt Reichsschultheiss and lay judge Siegfried for paradise . This Frankfurt city forest secured the city's wood supply and served as pasture. However, the Teutonic Order made a claim on part of the city forest, a parcel of land called Holzhecke south of the Sandhof . It was not until 1484 that the order finally left this area to the city of Frankfurt in return for the payment of 1,400 guilders and the granting of additional grazing rights. To mark the area on which the Teutonic Order retained grazing rights, a border path was laid out, the Schäfersteinpfad , which has existed to the present day .

16th to 18th century

When the Sandhof was to be expanded to include defensive fortifications in addition to the existing moat during restoration work in 1537, the City Council of Frankfurt litigated this development before the Reich Chamber of Commerce Speyer with the argument that it was "just a sheep farm" and demanded that the court Teutonic Order a pre-emptive guarantee - similar to what the council had already obtained before 1400 for the Goldstein moated castle further west.

In 1552 the manor was burned down by withdrawing troops as part of the siege of Frankfurt during the prince uprising and then rebuilt. After an expropriation by the Swedish King Gustav Adolf in the course of the Thirty Years' War , the Sandhof temporarily came into the possession of Johann Adolf von Holzhausen (→ Holzhausen ), who came from a long-established Frankfurt patrician family ; a few years later it was returned to the Teutonic Order as part of the Peace of Prague of 1635 .

The Teutonic Order had the large manor house, whose structural design and scope resembled a castle, built around 1750. In the house were gambling ( " game of chance ") and betting games organized. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe criticized this company in his text Schweizer Reise (→ Italian Journey ) on August 19, 1797 with the words:

“On the Sandhofe, on German imperial land, a valuable institution for a new economy has been built, which was opened yesterday with a hundred and thirty envelopes . In the end, everything is aimed at playing. [...] This epidemic is one of the companions of the war [...]. "

Since the 19th century

At the beginning of the 19th century was Sandhof by the Prince Primate Karl Theodor von Dalberg expropriated (1744-1817) again and went along with an adjacent wooded area (→ Park Louisa ) in the possession of the Frankfurt banker Simon Moritz von Bethmann (1768-1826) over. In 1813 a temporary hospital was set up in the house. The city of Frankfurt acquired the Sandhof in 1884 and opened a poor house and hospital in it. Then in 1891 it was incorporated into Frankfurt.

On April 15, 1900, the municipal tram opened the connection from the Hippodrome south of the Wilhelmsbrücke to Sandhof through Paul-Ehrlich-Straße . The main entrance of the university clinic at that time was on this route . The route traveled by tram line 15 was extended on August 7, 1907 via Sandhofstrasse and Deutschordensstrasse to Triftstrasse in Niederrad. Since this route was shorter and faster than the previous steam tram from Sachsenhausen to Niederrad operated by the Frankfurt Waldbahn , the Waldbahn ceased operations on the Niederräder line on February 29, 1908. Further extensions of the tram followed on May 1, 1914 (Triftstraße – Haardtwaldplatz) and on April 10, 1925 (Triftstraße – Oberforsthaus). From May 21, 1925, the tram ran across the Sandhof to the newly built Frankfurt Waldstadion .

During an air raid on Frankfurt on March 22, 1944 , the Sandhof was badly damaged by aerial bombs . The buildings of the courtyard were costly restored after the Second World War and integrated into the complex of the municipal hospital. The buildings were demolished a few years later.

M railcar 638 in the Sandhof loop in June 1998

From July 1, 1960, the tram to Niederrad ran over the Theodor-Stern-Kai as part of the expansion of the university clinics . The old connection on Sandhofstrasse was taken out of service. At the intersection of Sandhofstrasse and Deutschordensstrasse, however , a track triangle remained until the 2006 World Cup . The route to the Sandhofschleife, a turning loop , was also used by tram line 13 in regular service until 1977. After that, this route was used for occasional operational and special trips until 2005. With the decommissioning of the last facility multiple units of the Frankfurt tram, there was no longer any need for the operating line and the turning loop, which were therefore shut down on July 1, 2005 and then dismantled.

literature

  • Hermann Mayenschein, Michael Uhlig: Between Sandhof and Mainfeld - past and present of the former village and today's district of Niederrad. Published by Frankfurter Sparkasse from 1822 (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), third, expanded edition 1987. Therein: Chapter The German Knight Order and the Sandhof, pp. 20-26
  • Hans Pehl: When they once protected the city - Frankfurt's fortified manors . Verlag Josef Knecht, Frankfurt am Main 1978. ISBN 3-7820-0411-6
  • City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (Ed.): The Green Belt Leisure Card . 7th edition, 2011

Web links

References and comments

  1. ↑ Map by Eduard Pelissier from 1905 on Wikimedia Commons
  2. ↑ Topographic map of Frankfurt and the surrounding area from Meyers Konversationslexikon, 5th edition, 1893. File on Wikimedia Commons
  3. ↑ a b City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): The Green Belt Leisure Card. 7th edition, 2011
  4. ↑ The property at Sandhöfer Feld , cut off on the map at the top right of the picture , is presumably the Sandhof
  5. ^ Anton Kirchner: History of the City of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 1807
  6. ↑ a b c Pehl: When they once protected the city, p. 56 f.
  7. ^ Regesta imperii IV, 3 n. 286 = Johann Friedrich Böhmer , Friedrich Lau: Codex diplomaticus Moenofrancofurtanus = document book of the imperial city of Frankfurt vol. 1. 794-1314. Unchangeable Reprint of the Frankfurt 1901 edition, Baer, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1970, p. 18.
  8. ↑ a b Mayenschein / Uhlig: Between Sandhof and Mainfeld, p. 21
  9. ↑ It is assumed that the name Frauenweg refers to the dedication to Mary in the full name of the Teutonic Order (→  Our Lady ) . - The area of ​​the Sandhof was traversed by the right tributary of the Main, Königsbach , whose lower course bears the traditional nickname Frauenbach - these two names in turn indicate the ownership structure there, which dates back to the High Middle Ages .
  10. ^ Pehl: When they once protected the city, p. 44
  11. ^ Anton Kirchner, quoted from Rudolf Maxeiner: Rural life in old Frankfurt . Walter Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1979, ISBN 3-7829-0210-6 . Page 62
  12. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Forestry Office (ed.): From Altheeg to Vierherrnstein - names in the Frankfurt city forest. Protection Association of German Forests , District Association Frankfurt e. V., 1988, p. 79
  13. ↑ Mayenschein / Uhlig: Between Sandhof and Mainfeld, p. 23 f.
  14. ^ Drawing of the house by FJ Morgenstern, around 1810
  15. ↑ Envelopes: French for table settings , as is common in gastronomy, for example. According to Goethe, the inn set up in the manor house of the Sandhof had around 130 seats. Source: Mayenschein / Uhlig: Between Sandhof and Mainfeld, p. 25
  16. ↑ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, quoted from Hans Pehl: When they once protected the city - Frankfurt's fortified manors, p. 61
  17. ↑ a b Pehl: When they once protected the city, p. 62
  18. ^ Frankfurter statistical reports 1/2013: Brief statistical information, 75 years of membership in the city of Frankfurt am Main , accessed on March 2, 2017
  19. ↑ a b Horst me Elke, Claude Jeanmaire: One Hundred Years of Frankfurt trams 1872-1899-1972 , publishing railway, Villigen 1972, ISBN 3-85649-018-3
  20. ^ Trams in Frankfurt - Sandhof area. Retrieved April 22, 2014 .

Coordinates: 50 ° 5 ′ 26.1 ″  N , 8 ° 39 ′ 33 ″  E