Hemlock family

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Hemlock family
Pteris argyrea

Pteris argyrea

Systematics
Empire : Plants (Plantae)
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Ferns
Class : True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order : Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family : Hemlock family
Scientific name
Pteridaceae
EDMKirchn.

The saffron ferns ( Pteridaceae) are a family of the real ferns (Polypodiopsida).

description

Illustration from Curtis's botanical magazine, table 3055 of Argyrochosma nivea var. Tenera

They are perennial herbaceous plants . The long to short, creeping, ascending to upright rhizomes have scales, more rarely just hair .

The leaf blades are uniform (monomorphic), hemidimorphic or in some genera also differently designed (dimorphic). In some genera, especially the Vittarioiden, the blade is simple (not divided). Otherwise it is pinnate, sometimes foot-shaped. The leaf veins are free and bifurcated, or connected in various ways (anastomosing) and then form a network-like pattern.

The sori are on the edge of the leaf (marginal) or somewhat within (intramarginal). They have no real indusium and are often protected by the bent-back edge of the leaf. The sporangia can also sit on the leaf veins. The sporangia have a vertical annulus . The spores are spherical or tetrahedral, trilet (three-pointed scar) and are decorated in different ways.

In most cases, the basic chromosome number is x = 29 or 30.

Acrostichum aureum
Actiniopteris radiata
Anogramma adscensionis
Ceratopteris cornuta
Cheilanthes
Curly furry fern ( Cryptogramma crispa )
Notholaena standleyi
Pellaea ternifolia
Pellaea truncata
Cretan border fern ( Pteris cretica )
Vittaria lineata

Systematics and distribution

The Pteridaceae family was established in 1831 by Ernst Daniel Martin Kirchner . The type genus is Pteris L. A homonym is Pteridaceae Rchb. (published in Handbook of the Natural Plant System, 1837, 138).

In the family description of Smith et al. In 2006 the family comprised around 50 genera with 950 species. To the Pteridaceae EDM Kirchn. This also includes the Acrostichaceae, Actiniopteridaceae Pic.Serm, which are run as separate families by some other authors . , Adiantaceae Newman , Anopteraceae, Antrophyaceae, Ceratopteridaceae, Cheilanthaceae, Cryptogrammaceae, Hemionitidaceae, Negripteridaceae, Parkeriaceae Hook. , Platyzomataceae, Sinopteridaceae, Taenitidaceae, Vittariaceae Ching . Several genera such as Cheilanthes are sometimes clearly polyphyletic or paraphyletic , and require a new definition. The family itself forms a natural kinship group to this extent, so it is monophyletic .

The family Pteridaceae is almost cosmopolitan , but most representatives grow in tropical and arid areas. The ferns grow on the ground ( terrestrial ), on rocks or as epiphytes .

The Pteridaceae family contains about 50 genera:

  • Mangrove ferns ( Acrostichum L. ): The 3 to 17 species are distributed in subtropical to tropical areas almost worldwide.
  • Actiniopteris Link : The roughly two to three species are common in the tropics of Africa and Asia.
  • Adiantopsis Fée , with around nine species.
  • Maidenhair fern ( Adiantum L. ), with over 100 to about 200 species.
  • Aleuritopteris Fée , with at least 15 to 30 species.
  • Ananthacorus Underw. & Maxon : It only contains one species:
  • Anetium splitg. : The only about two species distributed in the Neotropic.
  • Naked ferns ( Anogramma Link ): The six to seven species are common in the temperate areas, including:
  • Antrophyum Kaulf. : The 17 to 30 species are common in the tropics.
  • Argyrochosma (J.Sm.) Windham , with about 16 species.
  • Aspidotis (Nutt. Ex Hook.) Copel. : The five or so species are common in America and Africa.
  • Astrolepis D.M.Benham & Windham : The six or so species are common in North America.
  • Austrograms Fournier : The approximately five species spread from Malesia to New Caledonia .
  • Bommeria Fourn. : The five or so species are distributed from North to Central America .
  • Cassebeera Kaulf. : The approximately two types are common in South America.
  • Water horn ferns ( Ceratopteris Brongn. ) With about four types, including:
    • Horned horned fern ( Ceratopteris cornuta Le Prieur ). Some authors put it as a synonym for the Sumatra fern ( Ceratopteris thalictroides ).
    • Swimming horned fern ( Ceratopteris pteridoides Hieronymus ): It occurs from Florida and Louisiana to Brazil and Argentina.
    • Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. : It occurs in Sudan, Gambia, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Louisiana, in the Caribbean and in northern South America to Brazil.
    • Sumatra fern ( Ceratopteris thalictroides Brongn .; Syn .: Ceratopteris siliquosa ): distribution pantropically. It is originally found in tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar and the Seychelles, on the Arabian Peninsula, in China, Japan, Taiwan, in tropical Asia, in Australia, in Florida, in the Caribbean, in Mexico, Central and South America , in Hawaii and on islands in the northwestern Pacific.
  • Cerosora (Baker) Domin , with only two species on Sumatra and Borneo.
  • Cheilanthes Sw. , with about 180 species.
  • Cheiloplecton Fée : There is only one type:
  • Coniogramme Fée : The at least 46 species occur in the tropics of Asia and Africa, in Mexico and in Hawaii.
  • Cosentinia death. , with only one or twospecies separatedfrom Cheilanthes .
  • Rolling ferns ( Cryptogramma R.Br. ): Approximately 10 species thrive in the alpine and boreal areas.
  • Doryopteris J.Sm. , with about 35 species.
  • Eriosorus Fée , with around 28 species in the Neotropic.
  • Gaga Li et al. , with about 19 species.
  • Haplopteris C.Presl , having about 24 species.
  • Hecistopteris J.Sm. : The roughly two types are common in the Neotropics.
  • Hemionitis L .: The approximately seven species common in tropical Asia and America.
  • Holcochlaena Baker (is also put to Pellaea ).
  • Jamesonia Hook. & Grev. , with about 129 species, including:
    • Jamesonia cinnamomea Kunze , a fern that in South America even rises to an altitude of 5000 meters.
  • Llavea Lagasca : it contains only one species:
  • Mildella Trevis. , with two species in Central America.
  • Monogramma Comm. ex Schkuhr , with about six species, including the smallest ferns.
  • Nephopteris Lellinger : There is only one species:
  • Nevrocallis Fée , with about three species.
  • Fur ferns ( Notholaena R.Br. ), with about 38 to 60 species.
  • Ochropteris J. Sm . : There is only one species:
  • Onychium Kaulf. : The eight or so species are common in Asia and Africa.
  • Paraceterach Copel. , with about six species.
  • Parahemionitis Panigrahi , with two types, which are also referred to as hemionitis .
  • Pellaea Link , with about 40 to 80 species.
  • Pentagramma Yatsk., Windham & E. Wollenw. : The roughly two types are common in North America.
  • Pityrogramma Link : The approximately 18 species are distributed in tropical America and Africa.
  • Platyloma J.Sm. (the species are also put to Pellaea ).
  • Platyzoma R.Br. : The four or so species occur in Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia.
  • Polytaenium Desv. : The eight or so species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Pteris L. (Syn .: Afropteris Alston , Anopteris (Prantl) Diels ), with at least 150 species.
  • Pterozonium Fée , with about 14 species in South America.
  • Radiovittaria (Benedict) EHCrane , with about eight species.
  • Rheopteris Alston : There are about two species in New Guinea.
  • Scoliosorus T.Moore : The roughly three species occur in Central America and Africa.
  • Syngramma J.Sm. : There are 1 to 20 species from Malesia to Fiji Islands.
  • Taenitis Willd. ex Schkuhr : The 5 to 15 species are distributed from Indomalesia to Australia.
  • Trachypteris André ex Christ : The roughly two species occur in South America, on the Galapagos Islands and on Madagascar.
  • Vittaria Sm. , With about 30 to 80 species.

Within the family there are five monophyletic groups, which according to Smith et al. 2006 could be classified as families or subfamilies as follows:

  • Parkeriaceae or Parkerioideae with:
    • Acrostichum and
    • Ceratopteris
  • Adiantaceae with
    • Adiantoideae, including:
      • Adiantum and the
    • Vittarioideae: They are characterized by their linear, mostly simple leaf blades. The Sori stand along the leaf veins or in linear pits. The spores are predominantly triple, in Vittaria monolet.
      • Ananthacorus ,
      • Anetium ,
      • Antrophyum ,
      • Haplopteris ,
      • Hecistopteris ,
      • Monogramma ,
      • Polytaenium ,
      • Radiovittaria ,
      • Rheopteris ,
      • Scoliosorus and
      • Vittaria :
  • Cryptogrammaceae (no name for subfamily) with:
    • Coniograms ,
    • Cryptogramma and
    • Llavea
  • Sinopteridaceae or Cheilanthoideae
  • Pteridaceae s. s. or
    • Pteridoideae with
      • Pteris and their closest relatives and the
    • Taenitioideae around Taenitis .

literature

  • Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, Paul G. Wolf: A classification for extant ferns. In: Taxon. Volume 55, No. 3, 2006, ISSN  0040-0262 , pp. 705-731, abstract, PDF file .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Pteridaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 11, 2015.
  2. ↑ Christel Kasselmann : aquarium plants . Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1995; 2nd edition 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 , pp. 167-169.
  3. ↑ a b c d Pteridaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 26, 2019. Template: GRIN / Maintenance / No ID specified
  4. ^ Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 114 f.
  5. ^ Fay-Wei Li, Kathleen M. Pryer, Michael D. Windham: Gaga, a New Fern Genus Segregated from Cheilanthes (Pteridaceae). In: Systematic Botany. Volume 37, No. 4, 2012, pp. 845-860, DOI: 10.1600 / 036364412X656626 .
  6. ^ Franz Fukarek: Department of Fern Plants, Vascular Spore Plants, Pteridophyta. In: S. Danert among others: Urania plant kingdom . Volume 1. 2nd edition. Urania-Verlag Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1975, p. 98.

Web links

Commons : Hemlock Family (Pteridaceae)  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

further reading

  • David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).