Maidenhair ferns

Maidenhair ferns
	Triangular Maidenhair Fern ( Adiantum raddianum )
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
	Ferns
Class :	True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order :	Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family :	Hemlock Family (Pteridaceae)
Genre :	Maidenhair ferns
Scientific name
	Adiantum
	L.

The adiantum ( Adiantum ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of pteridaceae (Pteridaceae) and belong to the genuine ferns (Polypodiopsida). The characteristic feature of the genus Adiantum is the folded leaf margin that covers the Sori .

features

Illustration of the common maidenhair fern ( Adiantum capillus-veneris )

Adiantum species are perennial herbaceous plants . The rhizomes are short or long creeping to semi-erect, and branched. The scales are dark yellow to dark red-brown (rarely black), one or two colored, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate. Their edge is whole, bitten-out and ciliate or tiny toothed.

The leaves are mostly uniform, less often a bit two-shaped. They are closely heaped to close together, rarely apart and are 15 to 110 centimeters tall. The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf stalk is chestnut brown to dark purple or black. It has a single groove on the top. The stalk is bald to hairy and is traversed by one or two vascular bundles . The leaf blade is lanceolate, egg-shaped, trowel-shaped, or fan-shaped, and pinnate one to four times (rarely up to nine times). Both sides are mostly bald (in North America two types have scattered hair). The top is dull to shiny, not striped. The leaf spindle is straight to curved. The almost sessile to short-stalked leaf sections of the last order are circular, fan-shaped, rhombic or elongated with a truncated to wedge-shaped base and 3 to 29 millimeters wide.

The fertile leaf sections are bent at the edge and form pseudo-industries . These are 0.6 to 1 millimeter wide and light gray-green or brown to dark brown in color. They cover the sporangia until they open. The sporangia themselves are almost on the edge of the leaf veins, sometimes between them, on the underside of the pseudo-industries. The spores are yellow to yellowish-brown, tetrahedral to spherical.

The basic chromosome number is x = 29 or 30.

ecology

Adiantum species grow terrestrially or on rocks ( lithophytic ).

Rough Maidenhair Fern ( Adiantum hispidulum )

Adiantum jordanii

Adiantum macrophyllum

Pfauenradfarn ( Adiantum pedatum )

Taler fern ( Adiantum reniforme )

Diamond Maidenhair Fern ( Adiantum trapeziforme )

Evergreen Maidenhair Fern ( Adiantum venustum )

Adiantum viridimontanum

Systematics and distribution

The genus Adiantum belongs within the family Pteridaceae to a monophyletic group which, in addition to Adiantum, includes the nine genera of the Vittarioideae and could be referred to as the subfamily Adiantoideae. While the genus Adiantum itself is very well characterized, it is difficult to differentiate between the species.

The genus Adiantum is distributed almost worldwide (sub cosmopolitan ). However, it is missing in latitudes beyond the 60th parallel. They reach their greatest diversity in the South American Andes. They are completely absent in arid regions.

There are three species in Europe, of which only one is native, which in the southern Alps, maidenhair fern or common maidenhair fern ( Adiantum capillus-veneris ) also reaches the southern edge of Central Europe; furthermore Rauer Maidenhaarfarn ( Adiantum hispidulum ) and Triangular Maidenhaarfarn ( Adiantum raddianum ).

There are 150 to 200 species in the genus Adiantum (selection):

Bushy maidenhair fern ( Adiantum aethiopicum L. ), native to: Africa, tropical Asia, Australia and New Zealand.

Adiantum aleuticum (Ruprecht) Paris (Syn. Asplenium patum var. Aleuticum Rupr. ): It is distributed from Alaska to Mexico .

Adiantum alomae Caluff : This endemic occurs only in Cuba .

Adiantum anceps Maxon & CVMorton : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.

Adiantum bessoniae Jenman : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Lady's hair fern ( Adiantum caudatum L. ), native to tropical Africa and tropical Asia.

Maidenhair fern or common maidenhair fern ( Adiantum capillus-veneris L. ): It occurs in southern and western Europe.

Adiantum concinnum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. : It is distributed from Mexico through Central to South America (Peru) and is a neophyte in Sri Lanka.

Adiantum curvatum Kaulf. , Home: Brazil.

Adiantum davidii Franch. : It occurs in China.

Adiantum deltoideum Sw. : It occurs in Cuba , Hispaniola and Jamaica .

Delicate maidenhair fern ( Adiantum diaphanum flower ), native to: tropical Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, naturalized in Sri Lanka.

Adiantum dolabriforme Hook. , Home: Panama, Brazil.

Adiantum dolosum Kunze : It comes in Guyana , French Guiana , Suriname and Brazil before.

Adiantum edgeworthii Hook. , Home: Himalayas, China.

Adiantum feei T.Moore ex Fée , homeland: Mexico, Guatemala.

Adiantum flabellulatum L .: It occurs in India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan.

Australian Maidenhair Fern ( Adiantum formosum R.Br. ), native to Australia and New Zealand, naturalized in Sri Lanka.

Adiantum fulvum Raoul , native to: Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia.

Rough Maidenhair Fern ( Adiantum hispidulum Sw. ): It is native to tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius and Réunion, India, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand; in the Azores he is a neophyte.

Adiantum jordanii garbage. Hal. : It occurs in Oregon, California and Baja California .

Adiantum latifolium Lam. : It occurs from Mexico and the Caribbean to Argentina and Paraguay.

Adiantum lucidum (Cav.) Sw. : It occurs from the Caribbean, Nicaragua and Panama to Brazil and Peru.

Adiantum macrophyllum Sw. : It occurs from Mexico and the Caribbean Islands, on the Galapagos Islands, to Bolivia, Brazil and Peru.

Adiantum melanoleucum Willd. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.

Pfauenrad- Frauhaarfarn or Pfauenradfarn ( Adiantum patum L. ): It is distributed from Alaska to eastern and central North America.
Adiantum pentadactylon Langsd. & Fish. : It occurs in Brazil.
Silver dollar maidenhair fern ( Adiantum peruvianum Klotzsch ), native to: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.
Creeping maidenhair fern ( Adiantum philippense L. ), home: tropical Africa, Madagascar, Comoros and Cape Verde, tropical Asia, China, Taiwan, Australia, Cuba and Mexico to Venezuela.
Adiantum platyphyllum Sw. , Home: Central and South America.
Adiantum poiretii Wikstr. : It occurs in tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Mexico, Hispaniola and South America.
Adiantum polyphyllum Willd. , Home: Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago.
Adiantum princeps T. Moore , native to: Central America, Colombia.
Adiantum pulverulentum L .: It is distributed from Mexico via Central America to tropical South America and is a neophyte in Sri Lanka.
Triangular maidenhair ( Adiantum raddianum C.Presl ), home to Mexico, the Caribbean, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, naturalized in Portugal, the Azores and about since the year 2000 in wells and cellar light shafts in Belgium, the Netherlands and the Ruhr area.
Talerfarn ( Adiantum reniforme L. ): It occurs only on Madeira and the Canary Islands.
Adiantum rubellum T. Moore , Origin: Bolivia.
Adiantum sericeum Eaton : This endemic occurs only in Cuba.
Maidenhair fern ( Adiantum tenerum Sw. ), Native to: Florida, Mexico, Guatemala to Costa Rica, the Caribbean islands and Venezuela.
Four-leaved maidenhair fern ( Adiantum tetraphyllum Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd. ): It is widespread in the Neotropics and West Africa.
Diamond Maidenhair Fern ( Adiantum trapeziforme L. ): It is widespread on the Caribbean islands and from Mexico to Costa Rica, in addition in Bolivia and Paraguay and is a neophyte in Sri Lanka .

Adiantum tricholepis Fée : It occurs from the USA to Mexico.

Evergreen Maidenhair Fern ( Adiantum venustum G.Don ): It occurs in India, Nepal and Tibet .

Adiantum viridimontanum C.A.Paris : This endemic occurs only in the US state of Vermont .

Adiantum vivesii Proctor : It only occurs in Puerto Rico.

Adiantum williamsii T.Moore , Origin: Peru.

Adiantum wilsonii Hook. : It occurs from Mexico to Panama, in Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.

Use (selection)

The peacock-wheel woman's hair fern or peacock-wheel fern ( Adiantum patum ) is used as an ornamental plant.

swell

literature

Cathy A. Paris: Adiantum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 , pp. 125–130 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). on-line.

Individual evidence

^ Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, Paul G. Wolf: A classification for extant ferns. In: Taxon. Volume 55, No. 3, 2006, ISSN 0040-0262 , pp. 705-731, abstract, ( Memento from February 12, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) PDF file .
↑ Karl Ulrich Kramer (ed.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd, completely revised edition. Volume I. Part 1 Pteridophyta . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1984, ISBN 3-489-50020-2 , p. 115-117 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , pp. 1178-1179.
^ A. Lawalrée, JR Akeroyd, AM Paul: Adiantum. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 13–14 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Adiantum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
↑ F. Verloove, R. van der Ham, T. Denters: Exotic muurvarens in België en Nederland. In: Dumortiera. Volume 92, 2007, pp. 1-16, PDF file.
↑ Ann-Helen Dierkes, Andreas Sarazin, Renate Fuchs, Götz Heinrich Loos, Peter Keil: An occurrence of Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (Adiantaceae) in Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia). In: Floristic Newsletters. Volume 39, pp. 45-49, PDF file.
^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8

Web links

Commons : Maidenhair Ferns ( Adiantum ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

[Smith-1] Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, Paul G. Wolf: A classification for extant ferns. In: Taxon. Volume 55, No. 3, 2006, ISSN 0040-0262 , pp. 705-731, abstract, ( Memento from February 12, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) PDF file .

[Hegi-2] Karl Ulrich Kramer (ed.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd, completely revised edition. Volume I. Part 1 Pteridophyta . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1984, ISBN 3-489-50020-2 , p. 115-117 .

[Zander2008-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , pp. 1178-1179.

[FE1-4] A. Lawalrée, JR Akeroyd, AM Paul: Adiantum. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 13–14 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

[GRIN-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Adiantum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

[Verloove+al2007-6] F. Verloove, R. van der Ham, T. Denters: Exotic muurvarens in België en Nederland. In: Dumortiera. Volume 92, 2007, pp. 1-16, PDF file.

[Dierkes+al2005-7] Ann-Helen Dierkes, Andreas Sarazin, Renate Fuchs, Götz Heinrich Loos, Peter Keil: An occurrence of Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (Adiantaceae) in Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia). In: Floristic Newsletters. Volume 39, pp. 45-49, PDF file.

[8] Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8