Shale hookbeak
| Shale hookbeak | ||||||||||||
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Shale hookbeak ♀ |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Diglossa albilatera | ||||||||||||
| Lafresnaye , 1843 |
The shale hookbill ( Diglossa albilatera ) is a species of bird in the tangar family (Thraupidae). The species occurs in Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .
features
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The shale hook bill reaches a body length of about 12.2 to 13.2 centimeters with a weight of about 10 grams. The upturned black beak has a hook-shaped tip. The male is almost completely black. On the side it has a concealed white tuft and white under wing coverts. The sexual dimorphism is very pronounced in this species. In contrast to the male, the female has an olive-brown top. The underside is yellowish brown to brown, with the lateral flanks being olive to yellowish brown. Similar to the male, it has a semi-hidden white spot and white under wing-coverts.
distribution and habitat
They move in the stratification layers between 0.5 and 4 meters in stunted cloud forests , in damp forest clearings with bamboo and scrub and bushy slopes. Sometimes you can see them in the outskirts of the city. This species is found at altitudes between 1650 and 3300 meters.
behavior
Typically seen in pairs or smaller groups, these shale hookbills can be seen mingling with other species. Like other hookbills, they are very nimble and devious. Very often they sit deep in the leaves to prevent attacks from hummingbirds, for example. While resting on the branches, they regularly flap their wings and spread their feathers. When searching for nectar, they pierce the corollas of flowering climbing plants and trees with their beak. Every now and then they hunt insects over shorter distances. They build their nests out of moss, grass and lichen. The eggs are green-blue with thick red-brown markings.
Subspecies
Four subspecies are described, which differ mainly in their coloration and their range:
- Diglossa albilatera albilatera Lafresnaye, 1843 nominate form . Occurs in Venezuela in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , the Sierra de Perijá and the Andes of the state of Trujillo . In Ecuador and Colombia they are present on practically all three Andean chains. Only the southwest of Ecuador is an exception.
- Diglossa albilatera federalis Hellmayr , 1922 The distribution area extends in Venezuela from the Yacambú National Park in the state of Lara via Cordillera de la Costa in the state of Aragua to the capital district of Distrito Capital . They were also observed at the Pico Oriental in the state of Miranda at an altitude of 2,400 meters. The male's plumage appears grayer and less slate than in the nominate form.
- Diglossa albilatera schistacea Chapman , 1925 Occurs in the extreme southwest of Ecuador and northwest of Peru. Same as D. a. albilatera but the top and the front are a little paler. The underside, especially towards the rear, is grayer. Most similar to D. a. federalis is a bit lighter on the underside.
- Diglossa albilatera affinis Zimmer, JT , 1942. The Ssp occurs in north-central Peru in the Andean highlands on the upper reaches of the Utcubamba River. They are less common in the Ayacucho regions and in the northwest of Cusco . Tail and wings are slightly larger than in the nominate form. On the whole, it looks darker and duller without the bluish tinge at the tips of the feathers. The female is also larger than in the nominate form. In addition, the top is less olive and more brown. The tint on the throat and chest looks warmer with less ocher.
etymology
The generic name is derived from the Greek dis , di- (= two) and glossa (= tongue) and refers to the typical U-shaped tongue of this genus. The word albilatera is made up of the Latin words albus (= white) and lateralis (= lateral). This is also reflected in the common English name white-sided flower piercer .
literature
- Jon Fjeldså , Niels Krabbe : Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America , Zoological Museum and Apollo Books, pp. 605f, ISBN 978-8788757163
- Thomas Schulenberg , Douglas F. Stotz , Daniel F. Lane: Birds of Peru. Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-04915-1 , p. 580.
- Robert S. Ridgely , Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide. Volume 1, Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8014-8720-0 , p. 715.
- Robert S. Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield: Birds of Ecuador Field Guide , Vol. 2, Cornell University Press, 2001, p. 622, ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7
- Steven L. Hilty, William L. Brown: A Guide to the Birds of Colombia , Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 594f, ISBN 978-0691083728
- Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee , William H. Phelps , Guy Tudor : A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0691082059 , p. 330.
- Steven L. Hilty , John A. Gwynne, Guy Tudor: Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press, 2002, pp. 784f, ISBN 978-0691092508 .
- François Vuilleumier: Systematics and evolution in Diglossa (Aves, Coerebidae) American Museum novitates, Vol. 2381, 1969
Web links
- Internet Bird Collection White-sided Flowerpiercer (Diglossa albilatera ) pictures and videos
- Avibase Shale hookbill (Diglossa albilatera) pictures and other information
- Xeno-canto Diglossa albilatera voice recordings
- Flickr photos: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
- Antpitta White-sided Flowerpiercer Diglossa albilatera albilatera Picture of a female
- BIRDseeN White-sided Flowerpiercer (Diglossa albilatera) picture
- Mangoverde White-sided Flowerpiercer Diglossa albilatera picture
- naturalezasencilla - Michell León- Photo Diglossa albilatera (Hembra) Picture of a female
- Termas Papallacta Diglosa albilatera Pinchaflor Flanquiblanco Image Males Females
Individual evidence
- ↑ Diglossa albilatera in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010.2. Listed by: BirdLife International, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ Revue zoologique par la Société cuviérienne 1843 Quelques nouvelles espèces D'Oiseaux, par F. de Lefrasnaye (French) original article
- ^ American Museum novitates; no.160 Descriptions of new birds from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina (English; PDF; 1.4 MB) Original article
- ↑ American Museum novitates No. 1203 Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 44, Notes on the genera Diglossa and Cyanerpes, with addenda to Ochthoeca (English; PDF; 2.2 MB) Original article
- ↑ American Museum novitates No. 2381 Systematics and Evolution in Diglossa (Aves, Coerebidae) (English; PDF; 3.6 MB)