Shield Rotling

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Shield Rotling
Entoloma clypeatum (L.) P. Kumm 362786.jpg

Shield rotling ( Entoloma clypeatum )

Systematics
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Red bloom relatives (Entolomataceae)
Genre : Red rot ( Entoloma )
Subgenus : Entoloma subg. Entoloma
Type : Shield Rotling
Scientific name
Entoloma clypeatum
( L. ) P. Kumm.

The shield rötling or Festfleischige spring rötling ( Entoloma clypeatum ) is a type of mushroom from the family of Rötling relatives (Entolomataceae). He belongs to the group of the "spring rötlinge " (section Nolanidea ) in the subgenus Entoloma . The agaric fungus lives with trees and shrubs from the rose family (Rosaceae), including sloe, hawthorn, cherry and the ornamental shrub copper rock pear . In contrast to other ectomycorrhizal fungi, however, the fungal threads penetrate the cells of the fine roots and largely destroy them. Some authors consider the fruiting bodies to be edible, while others consider them poisonous; palatability is often denied. Cases of poisoning were known from Turkey.

features

Spores of the red deer ( Entoloma clypeatum ) under the light microscope

Macroscopic features

The hat measures 3.5–12 cm in diameter, is bell-shaped when young and later spread out with a hump in the middle and often bent. The barely grooved edge of the hat is bent down and later bent into a wavy shape and often torn with age. The surface is beige to gray-brown or gray-yellow, slightly lighter towards the edge and, in damp weather, markedly darker (sooty brown) in color ( hygrophanity ) with a radially fibrous striped pattern; it is also silky, shiny and bald. The lamellas are white to grayish when young and later colored dirty pink due to the matured spores. They are mixed in, have irregularly notched, wavy edges and are bulged on the handle. The fibrous nature of the handle is 5–10 (–15) ​​cm high, 1–2 cm thick, cylindrical in shape and often bent and twisted. It is superficially fibrous, longitudinally striped whitish, silky gloss and yellowing to the touch. The meat is white and has a flour-like and cucumber-like odor and flour-like rancid taste with an unpleasant aftertaste.

Microscopic features

It has angular spores that are 8–11 × 7–10  micrometers in size and appear pink as spore powder (flesh). Four of these grow on club-shaped basidia cells of 30–55 × 10–20 micrometers. You do not have cystids . Buckle links are common in all parts of the mushroom. The cap skin is an ixocutis made up of radial, 2-7 micrometers thick, cylindrical hyphae .

Species delimitation

It is considered difficult to distinguish and can also be easily mistaken for toadstool. Other spring rudflies (section Nolanidea) such as the striped spring ruddy , the silver-gray and the pale brown rudflat are particularly suitable for confusion . The very rare April rötling has thinner, odorless flesh, a slimmer shape, few buckle connections in the fabric and prefers to grow with elm species. The gray vaginal striated ( Amanita vaginata ) has fewer brown aspects in the color of the cap skin, is not hygrophan, has a volva and is not bound to fruit trees.

Ecology, phenology and distribution

The sloe is a possible symbiotic partner of the red shield ( Entoloma clypeatum ).

It forms ecto mycorrhiza with woody plants from the rose family (Rosaceae) such as sloe, hawthorn, cherry, mountain ash, copper rock pear, etc. The connection seems to be more of a parasitic than symbiotic nature, as the fungus penetrates cells of the tree roots and they largely destroyed. In stone fruit trees, it should be able to reduce the harmful effects of root rot caused by fungal attack. It is fruitful in Europe from April to July. It is widespread and common in Europe> and can also be found in North America and Japan .

Systematics and taxonomy

Color plate of Agaricus clypeatus in volume 16 by Jan Kops "Flora Batava" (1881)

As early as 1838, Elias Magnus Fries assigned the fungus to the higher-level taxon Entoloma , which was historically located differently (under Agaricus , Rhodophyllus or Hyporrhodius ) with different rank (tribe, subgenus, genus ).

Today it is listed as a type species of the section Nolanidea (the spring rötlingen ) in the subgenus Entoloma (the rötlingen in the narrower sense) in the genus Entoloma (rötlinge). The snow-white spring rötling is probably an albino form of the shield rötling. Several varieties and forms are described:

  • Form hybridum ([Romagnesi 1947] Noordeloos 1981),
  • Form pallidogriseum (Noordeloos 1981),
  • Form xanthophyllum (Noordeloos 1981),
  • Varietät defibulatum (Noordeloos 1981) and
  • Hybridum variety (Noordeloos 1981).

meaning

It is probably at least raw poisonous. It is described in various ways as poisonous, suspiciously poisonous, cooked edible, edible or as a good edible mushroom. However, in 2004 cases of poisoning with nausea , vomiting, sweating and shivering two hours after consumption were documented for the first time.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Cornelis Bas, Thomas W. Kuyper, Machiel Evert Noordeloos, Else C. Vellinga, Reinout van Crevel, EJM Arnolds (eds.): Flora Agaricina Neerlandica . tape 1 . CRC Press, 1988, ISBN 90-6191-758-1 , pp. 97 (English).
  2. ↑ Gerlinde Hausner: Mushrooms . The most important edible and poison mushrooms. 2nd Edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-405-13811-6 , p. 74 .
  3. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide . All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co., Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , p. 238 .
  4. ↑ a b Mustafa Işiloğlu, Hayrünisa Baş Sermenli̇, Altuğ Şenol, Mehmet İşler: Entoloma mushroom poisonings in Mediterranean Turkey . In: Turkish Journal of Botany . tape 35 , no. 2 , March 2011, p. 247–249 , doi : 10.3906 / bot-1007-36 (English, journals.tubitak.gov.tr [PDF; accessed on September 9, 2011]).
  5. ↑ Hisayasu Kobayashi, Kyoko Hatano: A morphological study of the mycorrhiza of Entoloma clypeatum f. hybridum on Rosa multiflora . In: Mycoscience . tape 42 , no. 1 , February 2001, p. 83-90 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02463979 (English).
  6. ↑ Reinhard Agerer and Kerstin Waller: Mycorrhizae of Entoloma saepium : parasitism or symbiosis? In: Mycorrhiza . tape 3 , no. 4 , 1993, p. 145–154 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00203608 (English).
  7. ↑ K. Véghelyi: III International Symposium on Replant problem . In: RS Utkhede, International Society for Horticultural Science (Ed.): Acta Horticulturae . tape 363 , 1994, ISBN 90-6605-186-8 , ISSN  0567-7572 , 24 - Mycorrhizal and root rot fungi of fruit trees (English).
  8. ^ A b Elias Magnus Fries : Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici. Seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum . E Typographia Academica, Uppsala, Sweden 1965, Agaricus tribus Entoloma, S.  143 (Latin, google.de [accessed on August 2, 2016] first edition: 1838).
  9. ↑ Lucien Quélet : Rhodophyllus subgenus Entoloma . In: Enchiridion fungorum in Europe Media et præsertim in Gallia vigentium (Handbook of mushrooms in Central Europe and especially in France) . 1886, p.  57 .
  10. ↑ Joseph Schröter : Hyprrhodius subgenus Entoloma . In: Ferdinand Cohn (Ed.): Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien . tape  3 , no. 1 , 1889, p. 616 .

Web links

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