Swallow sausages

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Swallow sausages
Vincetoxicum funebre

Vincetoxicum funebre

Systematics
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily : Silk plants (Asclepiadoideae)
Tribe : Asclepiadeae
Sub tribus : Tylophorinae
Genre : Swallow sausages
Scientific name
Vincetoxicum
wolf

The plant genus Schwalbenwurzen ( Vincetoxicum ) belongs to the subfamily silk plants (Asclepiadoideae) in the family of dog poison plants (Apocynaceae). The botanical genus name is derived from the Latin words vincere for to win, to defeat and toxicum for poison, this refers to the alleged effect of the plant sap as an antidote against snake poisons .

description

Illustration of the white swallowwort ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria )

Vegetative characteristics

Vincetoxicum species grow as rarely branched shrubs , mostly semi-shrubs or perennial herbaceous plants , which grow independently upright or climbing and reach heights of 40 to 100 (rarely up to 200) cm. Many species form rhizomes as persistence organs. The plants contain a colorless milky sap . In the woody species, too, most of the above-ground parts of the plant are only annual and hairless to downy.

The mostly opposite leaves have at least a short stalk. The simple, herbaceous to paper-like leaf blades are egg-shaped to somewhat heart-shaped, 5 to 10 cm long and 2 to 8 cm wide. The leaf margins are ciliate.

Inflorescences and flowers

The occasionally paired, branched total inflorescences arising in the internodes are usually shorter than the nearby leaves and are composed of differently structured partial inflorescences; they include 5 to 20 flowers. Inflorescence shafts and pedicels are about the same length and both are hairy either smooth or downy.

The mostly relatively small, radial symmetry, hermaphrodite, five-fold flowers contain nectar. The five monochrome yellowish cream-colored to purple-brownish sepals are 2.5 to 6 mm long and are fused together up to a maximum of half their length. The calyx tube is longer than the corolla tube. The corolla lobes are spread out or bent back. The fleshy secondary crown, fused from staminal and interstaminal parts, is at most as high as the short-stalked to sitting "gynostegium". The colors of the secondary crown range from white to ivory to yellow and from pink to purple. The staminal parts are longer and thicker than the interstaminal parts. The hanging pollinia are oval to spherical or elongated. The cream-colored or green scar head is flat to highlighted.

The follicles of the white swallowwort ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ), which are opposite each other in pairs
Open follicles and seeds of white swallowweed ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria )

Fruits and seeds

Usually there is only one follicle per flower, but they are upright, horizontally to hanging, often in pairs. The hairless, light brown follicles have a length of 6 to 9 cm and a diameter of 5 to 8 mm, are spindle-shaped to pencil-shaped, with a beaked tip, wingless and longitudinally grooved, with a thin pericarp . The light to medium brown seeds are egg-shaped, 4 to 8 mm long, 2.5 to 3.5 mm wide and have 0.2 to 0.3 mm wings with a smooth edge and flying hairs on the edges. The seeds serve as diaspores and the wind spreads them.

Ingredients and chromosome numbers

They contain alkaloids , seco- and disecopregnanes. The base chromosome number is n = 11.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Vincetoxicum occurs only in the Old World in large parts of Eurasia . Depending on the species, they thrive on sunny forest edges, in xerophytic vegetation, arid regions of Central Asia, rocky slopes, ravines or steppes .

The genus name Vincetoxicum was first published in 1776 by Nathanael Matthäus von Wolf in Genera Plantarum , p. 130. Thomas Walter's publication in Flora Caroliniana, secundum… , 13, p. 104 did not take place until 1788. Type species is Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.

The genus Vincetoxicum belongs to the subtribe Tylophorinae (K.Schum.) Liede from the tribe Asclepiadeae in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae within the family of Apocynaceae . Sometimes all species are cynanchum sect. Vincetoxicum (Wolf) Tsiang & PTLi in the genus Cynanchum L. provided. Vincetoxicum is closest to Tylophora R.Br. related. Synonyms for Vincetoxicum Wolf are: Alexitoxicon St.-Lag. , Antitoxic Pobed. , Pentabothra Hook. f. , Pycnostelma Bunge ex Decne.

Habit and flowers of the White Swallowwort ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ) with opposite leaves
Black swallowwort inflorescence ( Vincetoxicum nigrum )
Flower head of Vincetoxicum rossicum
Vincetoxicum speciosum

There are around 20 to 119 species of Vincetoxicum . Here is a selection:

  • Vincetoxicum amplexicaule sieve. & Zucc. : It thrives on mountain slopes, grassland and coastal dunes at altitudes between 0 and 1000 meters above sea level in China, Japan, Far Eastern Russia and Korea.
  • Vincetoxicum arnottianum (Wight) Wight : It occurs only in Hazara in western Pakistan, in India, in Kashmir and in the western Himalayas.
  • Vincetoxicum atratum (Bunge) C. Morren & Decne. : It is widespread in China, Japan, Korea and Far Eastern Russia.
  • Vincetoxicum canescens (Willd.) Decne. : It occurs in two subspecies in the eastern Mediterranean.
  • Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum (Rech. F.) Rech. F. : It occurs only in eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan.
  • Vincetoxicum chekiangense (M.Cheng) CYWu & DZLi : It thrives in damp bushes and valleys in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan and Zhejiang.
  • Vincetoxicum creticum Browicz : The home is Crete .
  • Vincetoxicum forrestii (Schltr.) CYWu & DZLi : It thrives in alpine areas, grass savannahs and moist meadows at altitudes between 1000 and 5000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan.
  • Vincetoxicum funebre Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in central Greece and from northeastern Turkey to northern Iran .
  • White Schwalbenwurz or common Schwalbenwurz ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. , Syn .: Asclepias vincetoxicum L. , Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. , Vincetoxicum officinale Moench ): This species is widespread in Eurasia, especially on limestone soils. In North America it is a neophyte . There are about 11 subspecies.
  • Vincetoxicum inamoenum Maxim. : It is widespread in China at altitudes between 100 and 3500 meters, in Tibet, Japan, Korea and in Far Eastern Russia.
  • Vincetoxicum mongolicum Maxim. : It thrives in mountains and sandy areas at altitudes between 0 and 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan.
  • Vincetoxicum mukdenense Kitag. (Syn .: Vincetoxicum pycnostelma Kitag. ): It occurs from southern Siberia to temperate East Asia and China.
  • Black Schwalbenwurz ( Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench ): This species is originally distributed from southwestern Europe to Italy.
  • Vincetoxicum rossicum (Cleopow) Barbarian. : It occurs in Ukraine and in southeastern European Russia and is a neophyte in Canada and the USA.
  • Vincetoxicum sakesarense Ali & S. Khatoon : This endemic is only known from its type location in the Sakesar Hills in the Pakistani district of Sargodha .
  • Vincetoxicum speciosum Boiss. & Spruner : It occurs from south-east Europe to north-west Turkey.
  • Vincetoxicum stauntonii (Decne.) CYWu & DZLi : It is native to the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang at low to medium altitudes.
  • Vincetoxicum stocksii Ali & Khatoon : It is endemic to southwestern Pakistan.
  • Vincetoxicum versicolor (Bunge) Decne. : It thrives in bushes and rivers at altitudes between 0 and 800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan and Zhejiang.

No longer belong to this genus:

use

The medicinal effects of some species have been studied. Note: most of the plant parts of many species are poisonous.

literature

  • Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae). 2006: On the genus Vincetoxicum - Online at INTKEY databases of the DELTA System . (Section description and systematics)
  • SI Ali: Vincetoxicum. in the Flora of Pakistan: Online. (Section description and systematics)
  • Sigrid Liede-Schumann: The genera Cynanchum L. and Vincetoxicum Wolf (Apocynaceae - Asclepiadoideae) in Malesia. In: Blumea. 44, 1999, pp. 471-495.
  • M. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: Advances in Apocynaceae: the enlightenment, an introduction. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 94 (2), 2007, pp. 259-267.
  • Sigrid Liede-Schumann: Cynanchum - Rhodostegiella - Vincetoxicum - Tylophora: new considerations on an old problem. In: Taxon. 45 (2), 1996, pp. 193-211.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vincetoxicum. In: Thomas Walter : Flora Caroliniana, secundum… 13, 1788, p. 104: Scanned at Botanicus.org.
  2. ^ Sigrid Liede & Angelika Täuber: Circumscription of the Genus Cynanchum (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae). In: Systematic Botany. 27 (4), 2002, pp. 789-800.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Vincetoxicum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Vincetoxicum - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last viewed on January 2, 2020.
  5. ↑ Entry in Plants for a Future (partly still with the old name)

Web links

Commons : Schwalbenwurzen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files