Black-fronted tamarin
| Black-fronted tamarin | ||||||||||||
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Below a black- forehead tamarin ( Leontocebus nigrifrons ), in the middle a black-headed tamarin ( L. illigeri ), above a black- mantled tamarin ( L. weddelli ). |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Leontocebus nigrifrons | ||||||||||||
| ( Saint-Hilaire , 1850) |
The black- fronted tamarin ( Leontocebus nigrifrons , syn .: Hapale nigrifrons, Saguinus nigrifrons ) is a species from the marmoset family (Callitrichidae) that occurs in northeastern Peru . The relatively small distribution area is in the Peruvian region of Loreto and has the shape of a crescent moon. The area lies east of Iquitos and is bordered by the Amazon to the north and the Rio Javari to the south . The mouth of the Rio Javari in the Amazon is the most easterly point of the distribution area, the western border forms the east bank of the Río Ucayali , on whose west bank the distribution area of the black headed tamarin ( Leontocebus illigeri ) begins.
features
The black-fronted tamarin reaches a head-trunk length of about 21 cm, has a tail about 32 cm long and a weight of 327 to 535 g. The face and sides of the head are deep black, the area around the mouth and nose are gray, the top of the head is orange-aguti-colored. The back is marbled black, gray or reddish. The outsides of the upper arms are reddish and darker than the back, the forearms and the insides of the upper arms are blackish. The abdomen and legs are reddish-orange. The tops of the hands and feet are blackish, often with a reddish tinge. The tail is black, the base of the tail reddish. The external genitals are black.
Habitat and way of life
The black-fronted tamarin occurs in primary and secondary lowland rainforests, but prefers secondary forests with dense vegetation and forest edge areas that are dense with undergrowth. The animals live in small family groups, which consist of a dominant, solo reproductive female, one or more males and the young of the last two births. The group size is three to ten individuals. In addition, there are on average one or two young animals that are carried by an adult animal. Often the groups move in close contact with groups of the mustache tamarin ( Saguinus mystax ), whereby the black- forehead tamarins tend to stay in the undergrowth, while the mustache tamarin groups prefer the lower and middle areas of the tree layer. On average, black-forehead tamarins are active ten to twelve hours a day, start their day around 6:00 a.m. and between 3:30 p.m. and 5:30 p.m. they sleep, which are usually 6 to 15 meters above the ground. The crowns of the palm Oenocarpus bataua , tree hollows, a dense tangle of climbing plants and epiphytes or forks of branches serve as sleeping places . Black-forehead tamarins spend about 15 to 23% of their time looking for animal food, 13% looking for and eating plant food and about 40% resting and grooming. Well-known predators that hunt the black- forehead tamarin include the strangled eagle ( Morphnus guianensis ) and the common buzzard ( Leucopternis schistaceus ).
nutrition
Black-forehead tamarins feed mainly on fruits, especially those of the sapote family , mulberry family , legumes and ant trees . The seeds of the ingested fruits are spread by the animals. Investigations in north-eastern Peru revealed distances of up to 650 m, more than 90% of the seeds get back into the ground at a distance of up to 350 m from the parent tree through droppings . As a result, the seeds also reach deforested secondary areas, whereby the black-forehead tamarins contribute indirectly to the reforestation of deforested areas. Frequently transported seeds belong to the genera Parkia , Inga , Dicranostyles and Paullinia . A good 18.6% of the excreted seeds germinate and survive the first year.
In addition, tree sap and small animals are eaten. For animal food include grasshoppers , stick insects , praying mantises , crickets , cockroaches , butterflies , weevils , spiders , scorpions and small vertebrates such as tree frogs and various small lizards ( Anolis , Kentropyx , Mabuya , Norops ). Nest young birds are only eaten occasionally. With the mustache tamarins, which are often in the vicinity - a few meters above the black-forehead tamarins - foraging for food, they only compete little for animal food. Black-forehead tamarins usually catch larger and more brownish-colored prey and search in dark, hidden places mostly at heights of less than ten meters above the ground, while the prey of the mustache tamarins are in most cases smaller and often green. Black-forehead tamarins benefit from injured insects that have escaped the mustache tamarins but have lost their ability to fly and fall down. The black-forehead tamarins often cover their fluid requirements with water from bromeliad funnels .
Reproduction
The reproduction of the black-forehead tamarins has so far only been little researched. They reproduce all year round, but most young are born between November and February - from the early to the middle of the rainy season - when food is at its best. The gestation period is 145 to 152 days.
Systematics
The black - fronted tamarin was described as Hapale nigrifrons by the French zoologist Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1850 , but was later assigned as a subspecies to the brown-backed tamarin ( Leontocebus fuscicollis ). Today it is - like many other former subspecies of the brown-backed tamarin - an independent, monotypical species.
literature
- AB Rylands and RA Mittermeier: Family Callitrichidae (Marmosets and Tamarins). Pages 326 and 327 in Russell A. Mittermeier , Anthony B. Rylands, and Don E. Wilson : Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Primates: 3rd (2013) ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7
Individual evidence
- ↑ Eckhard W. Heymann, Laurence Culot, Christoph Knogge, Andrew C. Smith, Emérita R. Tirado Herrera, Brita Müller, Mojca Stojan-Dolar, Yvan Ledo-Ferrer, Petra Kubisch, Denis Kupsch, Darja Slana, Mareike Lena Koopmann, Birgit Ziegenhagen, Ronald Bialozyt, Christina Mengel, Julien Hambuckers and Katrin Heer: Small neotropical primates promote the natural regeneration of anthropogenically disturbed areas. Scientific Reports 9, 2019, p. 10356, doi: 10.1038 / s41598-019-46683-x
Web links
- Saguinus fuscicollis ssp. illigeri in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2008. Posted by: Rylands, AB & Mitter Meier, RA, 2008. Accessed November 15, 2015.