Parkia

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Parkia
Parkia platycephala

Parkia platycephala

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Mimosa family (Mimosoideae)
Genre : Parkia
Scientific name
Parkia
R.Br.
Pinnate leaf of Parkia pendula
Legumes of Parkia speciosa

Parkia is a genus of plants within the legume family (Fabaceae). The species thrive mainly in the tropics of South America, Asia and Africa.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Parkia species grow as evergreen or semi- evergreen trees and reach heights of up to 50 meters, sometimes high buttress roots are formed. They are rarely only bushes or small trees up to 5 meters high. They are often fast-growing and the trunk diameter can be well over 1 meter (up to 2.5). Some species supply a vegetable gum from their trunk.

The stalked, feathery leaves are paired and double-pinnate. They are alternating or opposite, partly decussed, as well as whirling arranged and up to 65 centimeters long. The rachis can also be fine-haired. A sloping awn can rarely be present at the tip of the rachis . The many, paired to alternately unpaired leaflets are sessile to very short stalked and elongated to linear and sometimes slightly sickle-shaped or elliptical to ovoid. The tips are usually rounded, rarely pointed. The leaflets are sometimes ciliate. Nectaries may be present on the stems and rachis . The stipules are often sloping or absent.

Different parts of the plant sometimes have an unpleasant odor.

Generative characteristics

The up to about 5–9 centimeters large, cephalic to club- or pear-shaped, multi-flowered (1000 to over 4000 flowers) and up to 1 meter stalked, dense flower heads often consist of a lower and an upper part, they are often drooping to upright and resemble a pompom . The flower heads often appear singly or in groups on compound inflorescences. There are partially sloping bracts on the flower heads and the inflorescence stalks. The narrow, funnel-shaped and heteromorphic, zygomorphic flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope, they are whitish to yellow or red and the corolla is up to 2.5 centimeters long. They are usually seated or pseudo-stalked on a funnel-shaped flower base , each with a spatula-shaped cover sheet. The five, short corolla lobes are free, the tubular calyx has short tips or lobes. There are 10 stamens or staminodes, which are tubular or stemonozon in the lower part (briefly with the corolla in the lower part). The upper permanent and unilocular, elongated ovary with many ovules is usually pedunculated (partly Gynophor ), with a fädlichen stylus with small capitate or oblong scar . The flower heads often have a strong, sweet to smelly odor.

There are 6 types of flowers: fertile hermaphrodite and (nectaproductive) modified hermaphrodite, fertile functionally male and (nectaproductive) modified male and neutral (staminodial). The fertile flowers produce practically no nectar , their stamens are longer than the corolla. The fertile, functionally male flowers have a smaller, stunted ovary or it is absent. There is also rarely a mixture of neutral and nectar-producing flowers with small, functionless ovaries in a nectar tissue.

The (nectar-producing), modified flowers are thicker and mostly shorter and the stamens are not or a little longer than the corolla, but they produce pollen, the ovary is absent or small and functionless or developed and functional, but the fruits develop abnormally. The neutral or staminodial flowers are usually longer and usually have long stamens (fringes) and very small, mostly sloping or no anthers, the ovary is missing or stunted. They mostly also produce a strong odor.

The flower heads can now be designed very differently, they can develop up to 3 types of flowers. There can be fertile hermaphrodite and male flowers both at the top and at the base, as well as in the middle. Modified (nectaproducing) hermaphrodite and male flowers can be at the top or in the middle. The neutral or staminodial are only present at the base of some species. Inflorescences which only contain fertile hermaphrodite or male flowers are also possible. The species are mostly andromonözisch and the flowers partly protandric .

The flowers are mostly pollinated by bats , but also by insects and birds or mammals.

Parkia species form flat and straight to twisted or curved, leathery to woody, up to 60 centimeters long and up to 6 centimeters wide and stalked, sometimes finely hairy legumes that do not always open. They appear individually or in groups on the flower heads. The partly quite large, up to about 3 centimeters long, flattened, about 8-36 seeds, in one or two rows, are elongated to ellipsoid, ovoid or rounded. They are sometimes embedded in a floury pulp ( endocarp ) (mostly African species). In some species, the legumes excrete a sticky gum, such as Parkia pendula or Parkia nitida , to which the seeds subsequently adhere. The thick, sometimes bad-smelling, seed coat is hard to soft and green to dark brown, blackish. Sometimes a pleurogram (a U-shaped line) is made on the seeds .

Only a few species are also cultivated.

  • Parkia biglandulosa flower heads with 3 different flower types

  • Legume and seeds of Parkia multijuga

  • Parkia biglandulosa

  • Flower head of Parkia platycephala ; at the top are the nectar-producing modified hermaphrodite flowers

  • Legumes of Parkia pendula with seeds in two rows

  • Indonesian postage stamp with Parkia timoriana

Systematics and distribution

The genus Parkia was established in 1826 by the botanist Robert Brown . The generic name Parkia honors the Scottish African explorer Mungo Park . About 38 species are known.

Some authors differentiate between three sections:

  • Sect. Parkia ( pantropical ): with 3 types of flowers; fertile at the top (hermaphrodite or male), staminodiale at the base (neutral) and nectar-producing in the middle (modified male)
  • Sect. Platyparkia ( neotropical ; Amazon only): fertile flowers at the base or in the middle (hermaphrodite or male) and nectar-producing at the top (modified hermaphrodite)
  • Sect. Sphaeroparkia (neotropical; Amazon only): only fertile flowers (hermaphroditic or male), this section has no nectar-producing flowers
Grilled fruits of Parkia speciosa
Parkia timoriana (Kedaung) seeds , they are also used medicinally
Wood from Parkia pendula

Incomplete species list:

use

The pulses or the seeds and the pulp of some Parkia species are edible and are used as food for humans and cattle. The seeds are sometimes used as a coffee substitute , and seedlings are also eaten. The pulp can also be fermented into alcohol. Young buds, leaves, flowers, or flower bases of some species can also be eaten. The seeds can also be fermented, this is common in parts of West Africa.

A dye can be obtained from the bark of some species. The bark and the leaves and roots are also used medicinally.

The wood of many types is used in many ways. The wood quality is very different.

Extracts from fruits and bark of some species can be used as fish poison or as an insecticide, they contain alkaloids .

literature

  • Parkia in the Flora of China, Vol. 10.

Web links

Commons : Parkia  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Parkia in the Flora Malesiana
  • Parkia species from Useful Tropical Plants, accessed October 7, 2018.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helen CF Hopkins, Marlene Freitas Da Silva: Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). In: Flora Neotropica Monograph. No. 43 and Dimorphandra (Caesalpiniaceae). In: Flora Neotropica Monograph. No. 44, In: Flora Neotropica (series), The New York Botanical Garden Press, 1986.
  2. ↑ a b c d David A. Neill: Parkia nana (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae), a New Species from the Sub-Andean Sandstone Cordilleras of Peru. In: Novon: A Journal of Botanical Nomenclature. Missouri Botanical Garden, 19 (2), 2009, pp. 204-208, doi : 10.3417 / 2007152 , online at biodiversitylibrary.org, accessed October 7, 2018.
  3. ↑ African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea) on feedipedia.org, accessed October 7, 2018.
  4. ↑ a b Helen C. Hopkins: The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 87, Issue 2, 1983, pp. 135-167, doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.1983.tb00987.x .
  5. ↑ a b c d Helen CF Hopkins: Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). In: Flora Neotropica. Vol. 43, 1986, pp. 1-123.
  6. ↑ a b Stefan Pettersson, Jewe T. Knudsen: Floral scent and nectar production in Parkia biglobosa Jacq. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 135 (2), 2001, pp. 97-106, doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2001.tb01084.x .
  7. ^ A b Peter K. Endress: Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Corr. Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1996, 1998, ISBN 0-521-42088-1 (Reprint), pp. 281-287.
  8. ^ Theodore H. Fleming, W. John Kress: The Ornaments of Life. University of Chicago Press, 2013, ISBN 978-0-226-25340-4 , pp. 287 f.
  9. ↑ HC Hopkins: Floral Biology and Pollination Ecology of the Neotropical Species of Parkia. In: Journal of Ecology. 72 (1), 1984, pp. 1-23, doi : 10.2307 / 2260003 .
  10. ↑ a b c Melissa Luckow, Helen CF Hopkins: A Cladistic Analysis of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). In: American Journal of Botany. Vol. 82, No. 10, 1995, pp. 1300-1320, doi : 10.2307 / 2446253 , online at researchgate.net, accessed October 7, 2018.
  11. ^ A b Daniel Piechowskil, Gerhard Gottsberger : Flower and fruit development of Parkia pendula (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae). In: Acta Bot. Bras. Vol. 23, No. 4, 2009, doi : 10.1590 / S0102-33062009000400025 .
  12. ↑ a b Parkia biglobosa at PROTA, accessed on October 7, 2018.
  13. ↑ Helen CF Hopkins: The Indo-Pacific Species of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). In: Kew Bulletin. Vol. 49, no. 2, 1994, pp. 181-234, doi : 10.2307 / 4110261 .
  14. ↑ OP Pareek, Suneel Sharma: Systematic pomology. Vol. 1-2, Scientific Publishers, 2017, ISBN 978-93-86102-81-2 (set), p. 297 ff.
  15. ^ A b Janet I. Sprent, Richard Parsons: Nitrogen fixation in legume and non-legume trees . In: Field Crops Research . tape 65 , no. 2–3 , 2000, pp. 183-196 , doi : 10.1016 / S0378-4290 (99) 00086-6 .
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Parkia at KEW Science, accessed on October 8, 2018.
  17. ↑ Samyra Ramos Chaves: Biologia floral e polinização de Parkia ulei (Harms) Kuhlm. e Parkia multijuga Benth. (FABACEAE: MIMOSOIDEAE). Dissertation, INPA, 2015, online (PDF; 3.7 MB).
  18. ↑ a b c d e f Parkia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  19. ↑ a b Parkia biglobosa (PDF), from worldagroforestry.org, accessed October 7, 2018.
  20. ^ HN Le Houérou: Browse in Africa. ILCA, Ethiopia 1980, ISBN 92-9053-025-1 , p. 179.