Disruption on the runway
A runway incursion ( English : Runway incursion ) exists if an aircraft , vehicle or a person without permission to a located just in use runway of an airfield reached, even without causing the risk of a collision with a starting or landing aircraft. Typical incidents are, for example, accidentally crossing an airplane or not leaving a follow-me car on time .
definition
The international civil aviation organization ICAO defined runway disruption on April 27, 2006 as follows:
“ Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft. ”
" Any incident at an airfield that involves the unauthorized entry of an aircraft, vehicle or person into the security area of an area that is intended for take-offs and landings of aircraft "
The American Air Traffic Control Authority (FAA) adopted this stipulation in 2007. Previously, it had differentiated between incidents with ( runway incursion ) and without ( surface incident , German: incident on the ground) endangerment.
The official definition of the German Air Traffic Control (DFS) is:
"A runway incursion occurs when an aircraft, a vehicle or a person is incorrectly located in an area that is intended for the take-off or landing of an aircraft"
activities
To increase the safety on runways, such incidents are investigated by the responsible authorities and, if necessary, z. B. changed technical processes at the respective airport. DFS has set up local runway safety teams for this purpose. If an accident occurs in Germany, in addition to the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU) in Braunschweig, depending on where the affected machine (s) was built or registered, the flight safety authorities of other countries may also participate in the investigation. Dangerous situations can occur again and again, especially at major airports, which, however, usually result in no harm. Nevertheless, every malfunction is examined in detail regardless of the severity of its consequences.
Runway incursion using the example of Logan 2005
On June 9, 2005, an Airbus A330-300 of the Irish airline Aer Lingus with the flight number EI132, manned with 12 crew members and 328 passengers, and a Boeing 737-300 of the American US Airways with the flight number US1170, manned with five crew members and 103 passengers , at their starting positions on runway 9 or 15R of Logan Airport in Boston . As usual at busy airports, air traffic control was divided into several areas that evening : while Tower West was responsible for EI132, Tower East was responsible for US1170.
At 19:39:10, the Aer Lingus aircraft received take-off permission for runway 15R from Tower West. Five seconds later, Tower Ost cleared the US Airways jet for runway 9, which crossed runway 15R. Due to the terminal building between the two runways, the pilots were initially unable to see the other aircraft. While both aircraft were accelerating to take-off speed, the copilot of the US Airways plane noticed the Airbus on the other runway and determined that a collision was imminent, since both aircraft were already in the air at the intersection of the runways. With the hint Keep it down! (Eng .: stay down!) he pushed the control horn forwards so that the machine accelerated further, but did not take off and so could roll under the Aer Lingus jet, which had already risen to 52 meters. Since it was no longer possible to safely abort the take-off due to the take-off speed already achieved, the US1170 only took off safely further back than intended after passing the intersection.
The National Aviation Safety Authority ( NTSB ) opened an investigation and found that the air traffic controller in Tower East had given his colleague in Tower West permission to have EI132 take off from runway 15R. While he was coordinating other air traffic, he apparently forgot this clearance and in turn gave US1170 permission to take off, although it was specified that aircraft on runway 9 would not be allowed to take off until runway 15R is free. As a result of their investigations, the NTSB held unauthorized aircraft on the runway, caused by the air traffic controller's disregard.
After this incident, the procedures in Boston were changed to the effect that only Tower West is allowed to receive requests for the clearance of runway 15R and this has to be reported to Tower East immediately. After confirmation by Tower Ost, the waiting machine must be given permission to start within five seconds, otherwise the release will expire. In addition, no aircraft may be on runway 9 during a take-off on runway 15L. Only when the aircraft taking off passes the crossing point does Tower West have to inform the controller in Tower East that the crossing is free and runway 9 can be used.
Further examples
- In the early morning hours of November 30, 1970 grazed on Lod Airport (now Ben Gurion Airport ), a freighter of TWA launching Boeing 707-373C when you lift one at this very moment across towed down the runway Stratofreighter the Israeli Air Force . Both machines caught fire, three people were killed.
- 1972 met in Chicago a launching McDonnell Douglas DC-9 the North Central Airlines with a CV-880 of Delta together, which crossed the runway in heavy fog. Ten people were killed and 17 injured.
- Even the worst accident in aviation history without terrorist influence, the plane disaster in Tenerife in 1977, happened due to a disruption on the runway.
- On 11 October 1984, a racing Tu-154 B-1 of Aeroflot in Omsk during landing in located on the runway construction vehicles. The air traffic controller had allowed the runway to dry out due to heavy rain and fell asleep shortly afterwards. 174 passengers and four construction workers died.
- In 1991 a Boeing USAir flight 1493 and the SkyWest flight 5569 waiting on the runway collided at Los Angeles Airport after a controller assigned the arriving aircraft to the wrong runway. This accident claimed 34 lives.
- A near-collision also occurred on 1 April 1999 in Chicago: a jumbo jet of Air China sailed a dirt road just one more jumbo on the Korean Air accelerated for takeoff. The Korean crew pulled the plane up earlier than planned and was able to fly over the cruising jumbo at a height of 23 meters.
- On October 31, 2000, Singapore Airlines flight 006 accidentally dialed a blocked runway at Taiwan Taoyuan Airport under time pressure and poor visibility and collided with concrete barriers and construction equipment while taking off. 83 people were killed and another 96 injured.
- At Linate Airport disaster took in 2001 a Cessna Citation Jet , due to lack of ground radar and inadequate signage , in thick fog the wrong taxiway and was supported by a starting MD-80 of SAS rammed. All 114 people on board the machines and four other people on the ground lost their lives.
- As a result of the earthquake in the Indian Ocean in 2004 and the resulting tsunami , around a week after the accident, a collision with a water buffalo running across the runway in Banda Aceh caused considerable delays in the relief goods flights for several hours.
- Air Canada Flight 759 : A Runway incursion of the special, as very rare species occurred on July 7, 2017, shortly before midnight on the San Francisco International Airport : take the assigned Runways 28R, the crew of a landing taught A320 of Air Canada on the Taxiway C running parallel, on which four other machines were waiting as planned for clearance to go onto the runway. One of the pilots of these aircraft noticed the error in time and informed the tower that Flight 759 for immediate go- instructed. The Airbus landed safely in the subsequent second attempt. FAA, TSB and Air Canada announced in-depth investigations, which, among other things, should clarify how close the landing aircraft has ultimately come to the waiting machines. These revealed that the Air Canada jet had come within eight meters of them - taking off just seconds later would inevitably have meant an inferno .
exception
At airports that are (also) used for military purposes and have an alarm system, the interceptors are also allowed to use runways as taxiways in order to be able to reach their starting position more quickly. This extraordinary use is not assessed as a runway incursion and is therefore not examined in more detail.
developments
The Airport Surface Detection Equipment , Model X (ASDE-X) and the Airport Movement Area Safety System (AMASS) are computer-aided systems that are designed to warn air traffic controllers of possible disruptions to the runway use.
Web links
credentials
- ↑ "FAA Adopts ICAO Definition for Runway Incursions", FAA news release, October 1, 2007 ( Memento of the original from October 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ German air traffic control, accessed on December 8, 2014
- ↑ a b c NTSB final report Final Report from NTSB ( Memento from September 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Alpa release. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 ; Retrieved December 4, 2014 .
- ↑ Approach for landing on taxiway. aero.de, July 11, 2017, accessed on July 11, 2017 .
- ↑ Only five seconds away from the airport inferno. welt.de, July 25, 2017, accessed on July 26, 2017 .
